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Theodore Maiman en
Theodore Harold "Ted" Maiman was a Jewish American physicist who is credited with being the inventor of the first laser, the other physicist being Gordon Gould. Maiman received many awards and honors for his work, and was the author of a book titled The Laser Odyssey, which describes the events surrounding the creation of the first laser. Wikipedia [ - ]
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- Theodore H. Maiman
- Ted Maiman
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Freebase Commons Influence /influence
User Domain kweb /base/kwebbase
- Person
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- His work on the laser was a fundamental advance in applied physics.
- natural sciences and mathematics
- physicist
- In 1956, on graduating from Stanford, Maiman got a job with the Hughes Research Laboratories at Miami, a division of Hughes Aircraft Company.
- At Hughes, Maiman became interested in a new device that produced and amplified electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region of the spectrum (producing coherent, monochromatic beams of microwaves).
- The device known as the 'maser' ("microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation"), had been developed by the American physicist Townes (and independently by two Russian scientists, Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov) in 1953.
- The maser used a static electrical charge to discard the low-energy molecules of ammonia gas and focus (or concentrate) the high-energy molecules, causing them to enter the opening of a resonant cavity.
- As molecules inside the cavity returned to a lower energy level (see laser), they released microwave radiation which, reflecting inside the cavity, stimulated additional molecules to radiate energy, a process which amplified (or intensified) the microwave radiation, which was then released.
- In Townes' original design, ammonia molecules were stimulated to resonate with and amplify microwaves of the appropriate wavelength.
- In 1956 Townes and his colleagues theorized that continuous maser action could also occur by a three-level process in some solid paramagnetic crystals containing traces of impurities.
- A prototype device to do this was then designed and constructed by Nicolaas Bloembergen at Harvard, who thus produced the first effective solid-state maser.
- During his research, Maiman came up with the idea of a "filled cavity", in which the microwave cavity was formed directly on the ruby cavity, resulting in an increase of 10-times the maser bandwidth than had previously been attained.
- In such a system, a (usually man-made) ruby crystal was used to amplify microwaves using a three energy-level system, in which the atoms are pumped from the ground state to the highest level and then fall to the middle level, during which maser action takes place at the frequency corresponding to that transition, an action which, unlike the two-level type, can be made continuous if the system is cooled.
