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An abstract theory, idea, argument, or the like. Concepts have developers, who are the people or groups who came up with the concept, and are related to fields of study and professions.
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79 Concept topics matching:
Filter this Collection| x name | x image | x Developed by | x Related fields of study | x Related professional fields | x article |
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| x Auteur theory |
In film criticism, the 1950s-era Auteur theory holds that a director's films reflect that director's personal creative vision, as if he/she were the primary "Auteur" (the French word for "author"). In spite of - and sometimes even because of - the...
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| x Great man theory |
The Great Man theory is a philosophical theory that aims to explain history by the impact of "great men", or heroes: highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence and wisdom or Machiavellianism, used power...
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| x Grand unification theory |
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Grand Unification, grand unified theory, or GUT refers to any of several very similar unified field theories or models in physics that predicts that at extremely high energies (above 10 GeV), the electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear...
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| x Kaluza–Klein theory |
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In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is a model that seeks to unify the two fundamental forces of gravitation and electromagnetism. The theory was first published in 1921 and was proposed by the mathematician Theodor Kaluza who extended...
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| x Labor theory of value |
The labour theories of value (LTV) are economic theories of value according to which the values of commodities are related to the labour needed to produce them.
Various labour theories of value prevailed amongst classical economists, including Adam...
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| x M-theory |
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In theoretical physics, M-theory is an extension of string theory in which 11 dimensions are identified. Because the dimensionality exceeds the dimensionality of five superstring theories in 10 dimensions, it is believed that the 11-dimensional...
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| x Theory of relativity |
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Albert Einstein |
The theory of relativity, or simply relativity, generally refers specifically to two theories of Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. However, the word "relativity" is sometimes used in reference to Galilean invariance.
The...
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| x Grandfather paradox |
The grandfather paradox is a proposed paradox of time travel first described (in this exact form) by the science fiction writer René Barjavel in his 1943 book Le Voyageur Imprudent (The Imprudent Traveller). Nevertheless, similar (and even more mind...
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| x M-theory |
In non-technical terms, M-theory presents an idea about the basic substance of the universe.
In the early years of the 20th century, the atom - long believed to be the smallest building-block of matter - was proven to consist of even smaller...
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| x Recapitulation theory |
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The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism and often expressed as "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" is a discredited biological hypothesis. First proposed by Étienne Serres in 1824–26 as what became...
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| x Oxfordian theory |
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For the purposes of this article the term “Shakespeare” is taken to mean the poet and playwright who wrote the plays and poems in question; and the term “Shakespeare of Stratford” is taken to mean the William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon to...
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| x Phlogiston theory |
The phlogiston theory (from the Ancient Greek φλογιστόν phlŏgistón "burning up", from φλόξ phlóx "fire"), first stated in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher, is a defunct scientific theory that posited the existence of a fire-like element called ...
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| x Rational choice theory |
Rational choice theory, also known as rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior. It is the dominant theoretical paradigm in microeconomics. It is also central to modern...
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| x Berry paradox |
The Berry paradox is a self-referential paradox arising from the expression "the smallest possible integer not definable by a given number of words." Bertrand Russell, the first to discuss the paradox in print, attributed it to G. G. Berry (1867...
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| x Epimenides paradox |
The Epimenides paradox is a problem in logic. It is named after the Cretan philosopher Epimenides of Knossos (alive circa 600 BC), There is no single statement of the problem; a typical variation is given in the book Gödel, Escher, Bach, by Douglas...
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| x EPR paradox |
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In quantum mechanics, the EPR paradox (or Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox) is a thought experiment which challenged long-held ideas about the relation between the observed values of physical quantities and the values that can be accounted for by a...
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| x Schrödinger's cat |
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Erwin Schrödinger |
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, often described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935. It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday...
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| x Fermi paradox |
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The Fermi paradox is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations and the lack of evidence for, or contact with, such civilizations.
The age of the universe and its vast...
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| x Liar paradox |
In philosophy and logic, the liar paradox, known to the ancients as the pseudomenon, encompasses paradoxical statements such as "This sentence is false." or "The next sentence is false. The previous sentence is true." These statements are...
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| x Twin paradox |
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In physics, the twin paradox is a thought experiment in special relativity, in which a twin who makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket will return home to find he has aged less than his identical twin who stayed on Earth. This result...
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| x Voting paradox |
The voting paradox (also known as Condorcet's paradox or the paradox of voting) is a situation noted by the Marquis de Condorcet in the late 18th century, in which collective preferences can be cyclic (i.e. not transitive), even if the preferences...
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| x Raven paradox |
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The Raven paradox, also known as Hempel's paradox or Hempel's ravens is a paradox proposed by the German logician Carl Gustav Hempel in the 1940s to illustrate a problem where inductive logic violates intuition. It reveals the fundamental problem of...
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| x Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel |
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Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel is a mathematical veridical paradox about infinite sets presented by German mathematician David Hilbert (1862–1943).
Consider a hypothetical hotel with many rooms, all of which are occupied – that is to say every...
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| x Unexpected hanging paradox |
The unexpected hanging paradox, hangman paradox, or prediction paradox is an alleged paradox about a prisoner's response to an unusual death sentence.
Despite significant academic interest, no consensus on its correct resolution has yet been...
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| x Omnipotence paradox |
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The omnipotence paradox is a family of related paradoxes addressing the question of what is possible for an omnipotent being to do. The paradox states that if the being can perform such actions, then it can limit its own ability to perform actions...
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| x Simpson's paradox |
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In probability and statistics, Simpson's paradox (or the Yule-Simpson effect) is an apparent paradox in which the successes of groups seem reversed when the groups are combined. This result is often encountered in social and medical science...
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| x Barber paradox |
The Barber paradox is a puzzle derived from Russell's paradox. It was used by Bertrand Russell himself as an illustration of the paradox, though he attributes it to an unnamed person who suggested it to him. It shows that an apparently plausible...
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| x Banach–Tarski paradox |
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The Banach–Tarski paradox is a theorem in set theoretic geometry which states that a solid ball in 3-dimensional space can be split into a finite number of non-overlapping pieces, which can then be put back together in a different way to yield two...
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| x Burali-Forti paradox |
In set theory, a field of mathematics, the Burali-Forti paradox demonstrates that naively constructing "the set of all ordinal numbers" leads to a contradiction and therefore shows an antinomy in a system that allows its construction. It is named...
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| x Newcomb's paradox |
Newcomb's Paradox, also referred to as Newcomb's Problem, is a thought experiment involving a game between two players, one of whom purports to be able to predict the future. Whether the problem is actually a paradox is disputed.
Newcomb's paradox...
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| x Birthday paradox |
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In probability theory, the birthday problem, or birthday paradox pertains to the probability that in a set of randomly chosen people some pair of them will have the same birthday. In a group of at least 23 randomly chosen people, there is more than...
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| x Richard's paradox |
In logic, Richard's paradox is a semantical antinomy in set theory and natural language first described by the French mathematician Jules Richard in 1905. Today, the paradox is ordinarily used in order to motivate the importance of carefully...
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| x Economic calculation problem |
The economic calculation problem is a criticism of socialist economics, or more precisely central economic planning. It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in 1920 and later expounded by Friedrich Hayek. The problem referred to is that of how to...
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| x Frame problem |
In artificial intelligence, the frame problem was initially formulated as the problem of expressing a dynamical domain in logic without explicitly specifying which conditions are not affected by an action. John McCarthy and Patrick J. Hayes defined...
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| x Knapsack problem |
The knapsack problem or rucksack problem is a problem in combinatorial optimization: Given a set of items, each with a weight and a value, determine the number of each item to include in a collection so that the total weight is less than a given...
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| x Problem of universals |
The problem of universals is an ancient problem in metaphysics about whether universals exist. Universals are general or abstract qualities, characteristics, properties, kinds or relations, such as being male/female, solid/liquid/gas or a certain...
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| x Star height problem |
The star height problem in formal language theory is the question whether all regular languages can be expressed using regular expressions of limited star height, i.e. with a limited nesting depth of Kleene stars. Specifically, is a nesting depth of...
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| x Solar neutrino problem |
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The solar neutrino problem was a major discrepancy between measurements of the numbers of neutrinos flowing through the Earth and theoretical models of the solar interior, lasting from the mid-1960s to about 2002. The discrepancy has since been...
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| x Problem of other minds |
The problem of other minds has traditionally been regarded as an epistemological challenge raised by the skeptic. The challenge may be expressed as follows: given that I can only observe the behaviour of others, how can I know that others have minds...
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| x Free rider problem |
In economics, collective bargaining, psychology, and political science, "free riders" are those who consume more than their fair share of a public resource, or shoulder less than a fair share of the costs of its production. Free riding is usually...
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| x Natural selection |
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Charles Darwin |
Natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations. It is a key mechanism of evolution.
The natural...
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| x Gödel's ontological proof | Kurt Gödel |
Gödel's ontological proof is a formalization of Saint Anselm's ontological argument for God's existence by the mathematician Kurt Gödel.
St. Anselm's ontological argument, in its most succinct form, is as follows: "God, by definition, is that than...
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| x Gödel's completeness theorem | Kurt Gödel |
Gödel's completeness theorem is a fundamental theorem in mathematical logic that establishes a correspondence between semantic truth and syntactic provability in first-order logic. It was first proved by Kurt Gödel in 1929.
A first-order formula is...
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| x Three cottage problem |
The classical mathematical puzzle known as water, gas, and electricity, the (three) utilities problem, or sometimes the three cottage problem, can be stated as follows:
This is intended as an abstract mathematical puzzle and imposes constraints that...
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| x N-body problem |
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To understand the motion of celestial bodies, the sun, planets and the visible stars has been the main motivation for the n-body problem. The first complete mathematical formulation of this problem appeared in Isaac Newton's Principia (the n-body...
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| x Assignment problem |
The assignment problem is one of the fundamental combinatorial optimization problems in the branch of optimization or operations research in mathematics. It consists of finding a maximum weight matching in a weighted bipartite graph.
In its most...
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| x Hilbert's fifth problem |
Hilbert's fifth problem, from the problem-list publicized in 1900 by mathematician David Hilbert, concerns the characterization of Lie groups. The theory of Lie groups describes continuous symmetry in mathematics; its importance there and in...
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| x Big Design Up Front | Software Engineering | Project management |
Big Design Up Front (BDUF) is a term for any software development approach, in which the program's design is to be completed and perfected before that program's implementation is started. It is often associated with the waterfall model of software...
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| x Synoptic problem |
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The synoptic problem concerns the literary relationships between and among the first three canonical gospels, those of Mark, Matthew, and Luke. These are known as the Synoptic Gospels (from the Greek 'syn,' meaning "together," and 'optic,' meaning ...
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| x Problem of induction |
The problem of induction is the philosophical question of whether inductive reasoning leads to knowledge. That is, what is the justification for either:
The problem calls into question all empirical claims made in everyday life or through the...
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| x Yo-yo problem |
In computer science, the yo-yo problem is an anti-pattern that occurs when a programmer has to read and understand a program whose inheritance graph is so long and complicated that the programmer has to keep flipping between many different class...
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| x Confused deputy problem |
A confused deputy is a computer program that is innocently fooled by some other party into misusing its authority. It is a specific type of privilege escalation. In information security, the confused deputy problem is often cited as an example of...
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| x Constraint satisfaction problem |
Constraint satisfaction problems or CSPs are mathematical problems defined as a set of objects whose state must satisfy a number of constraints or limitations. CSPs represent the entities in a problem as a homogeneous collection of finite...
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| x Whitehead problem |
In group theory, a branch of abstract algebra, the Whitehead problem is the following question:
Shelah (1974) proved that Whitehead's problem is undecidable within standard ZFC set theory.
The condition Ext(A, Z) = 0 can be equivalently formulated...
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| x Year 10,000 problem |
The Year 10,000 problem a.k.a. Y10K or deca-millennium bug is the class of all potential software bugs that would emerge when the need to express years with five digits arise. The problem can have discernible effects today, but is also sometimes...
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| x Tarski's circle-squaring problem |
Tarski's circle-squaring problem is the challenge, posed by Alfred Tarski in 1925, to take a disc in the plane, cut it into finitely many pieces, and reassemble the pieces so as to get a square of equal area. This was proven to be possible by Miklós...
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| x Transformation problem |
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In 20th century discussions of Karl Marx's economics the transformation problem is the problem of finding a general rule to transform the "values" of commodities (based on labour according to his labour theory of value) into the "competitive prices"...
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| x Diffusion of responsibility |
Diffusion of responsibility is a social phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned. This phenomenon rarely ever occurs in small groups. In tests, groups of three...
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| x Global warming |
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Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) between the start...
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| x Gambler's fallacy |
The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that if deviations from expected behaviour are observed in repeated independent trials of some random process then these deviations...
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