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| x Auteur theory |
In film criticism, the 1950s-era Auteur theory holds that a director's films reflect that director's personal creative vision, as if he/she were the primary "Auteur" (the French word for "author"). In spite of - and sometimes even because of - the...
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| x Leg theory |
Leg theory is a bowling tactic in the sport of cricket. The term leg theory is somewhat archaic and seldom used any more, but the basic tactic still plays a part in modern cricket.
Simply put, leg theory involves concentrating the bowling attack at...
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| x Great man theory |
The Great Man theory is a philosophical theory that aims to explain history by the impact of "great men", or heroes: highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence and wisdom or Machiavellianism, used power...
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| x Grand unification theory |
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Grand Unification, grand unified theory, or GUT refers to any of several very similar unified field theories or models in physics that predicts that at extremely high energies (above 10 GeV), the electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear...
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| x Kaluza–Klein theory |
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In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is a model that seeks to unify the two fundamental forces of gravitation and electromagnetism. The theory was first published in 1921 and was proposed by the mathematician Theodor Kaluza who extended...
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| x Labor theory of value |
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The labour theories of value (LTV) are economic theories of value according to which the values of commodities are related to the labour needed to produce them.
Various labour theories of value prevailed amongst classical economists, including Adam...
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| x Marxist film theory |
Marxist film theory is one of the oldest forms of film theory.
Sergei Eisenstein and many other Soviet filmmakers in the 1920s expressed ideas of Marxism through film. In fact, the Hegelian dialectic was considered best displayed in film editing...
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| x M-theory |
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In theoretical physics, M-theory is an extension of string theory in which 11 dimensions are identified. Because the dimensionality exceeds the dimensionality of five superstring theories in 10 dimensions, it is believed that the 11-dimensional...
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| x Theory of relativity |
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The theory of relativity, or simply relativity, generally refers specifically to two theories of Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. However, the word "relativity" is sometimes used in reference to Galilean invariance.
The...
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| x Theory |
The term theory has two broad sets of meanings, one used in the empirical sciences (both natural and social) and the other used in philosophy, mathematics, logic, and across other fields in the humanities. There is considerable difference and even...
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| x Argument |
In logic, an argument is a set of one or more meaningful declarative sentences (or "propositions") known as the premises along with another meaningful declarative sentence (or "proposition") known as the conclusion. A deductive argument asserts that...
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| x Paradox |
A paradox is a statement or group of statements that leads to a contradiction or a situation which defies intuition. The term is also used for an apparent contradiction that actually expresses a non-dual truth (cf. kōan, Catuskoti). Typically, the...
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| x Grandfather paradox |
The grandfather paradox is a proposed paradox of time travel first described (in this exact form) by the science fiction writer René Barjavel in his 1943 book Le Voyageur Imprudent (The Imprudent Traveller). Nevertheless, similar (and even more mind...
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| x M-theory |
In non-technical terms, M-theory presents an idea about the basic substance of the universe.
In the early years of the 20th century, the atom - long believed to be the smallest building-block of matter - was proven to consist of even smaller...
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| x Recapitulation theory |
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The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism and often expressed as "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" is a discredited biological hypothesis. First proposed by Étienne Serres in 1824–26 as what became...
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| x Oxfordian theory |
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For the purposes of this article the term “Shakespeare” is taken to mean the poet and playwright who wrote the plays and poems in question; and the term “Shakespeare of Stratford” is taken to mean the William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon to...
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| x Phlogiston theory |
The phlogiston theory (from the Ancient Greek φλογιστόν phlŏgistón "burning up", from φλόξ phlóx "fire"), first stated in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher, is a defunct scientific theory that posited the existence of a fire-like element called ...
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| x Rational choice theory |
Rational choice theory, also known as rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior. It is the dominant theoretical paradigm in microeconomics. It is also central to modern...
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| x Berry paradox |
The Berry paradox is a self-referential paradox arising from the expression "the smallest possible integer not definable by a given number of words." Bertrand Russell, the first to discuss the paradox in print, attributed it to G. G. Berry (1867...
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| x Epimenides paradox |
The Epimenides paradox is a problem in logic. It is named after the Cretan philosopher Epimenides of Knossos (alive circa 600 BC), There is no single statement of the problem; a typical variation is given in the book Gödel, Escher, Bach, by Douglas...
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| x EPR paradox |
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In quantum mechanics, the EPR paradox (or Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox) is a thought experiment which challenged long-held ideas about the relation between the observed values of physical quantities and the values that can be accounted for by a...
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| x Schrödinger's cat |
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Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, often described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935. It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday...
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| x Thought experiment |
A thought experiment, sometimes called by the German name gedankenexperiment, is a proposal for an experiment that would test or illuminate a hypothesis or theory.
Given the structure of the proposed experiment, it may or may not be possible to...
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| x Fermi paradox |
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The Fermi paradox is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations and the lack of evidence for, or contact with, such civilizations.
The age of the universe and its vast...
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| x Liar paradox |
In philosophy and logic, the liar paradox, known to the ancients as the pseudomenon, encompasses paradoxical statements such as "This sentence is false." or "The next sentence is false. The previous sentence is true." These statements are...
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| x Twin paradox |
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In physics, the twin paradox is a thought experiment in special relativity, in which a twin who makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket will return home to find he has aged less than his identical twin who stayed on Earth. This result...
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| x Voting paradox |
The voting paradox (also known as Condorcet's paradox or the paradox of voting) is a situation noted by the Marquis de Condorcet in the late 18th century, in which collective preferences can be cyclic (i.e. not transitive), even if the preferences...
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| x Raven paradox |
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The Raven paradox, also known as Hempel's paradox or Hempel's ravens is a paradox proposed by the German logician Carl Gustav Hempel in the 1940s to illustrate a problem where inductive logic violates intuition. It reveals the fundamental problem of...
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| x Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel |
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Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel is a mathematical veridical paradox about infinite sets presented by German mathematician David Hilbert (1862–1943).
Consider a hypothetical hotel with many rooms, all of which are occupied – that is to say every...
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| x Unexpected hanging paradox |
The unexpected hanging paradox, hangman paradox, or prediction paradox is an alleged paradox about a prisoner's response to an unusual death sentence.
Despite significant academic interest, no consensus on its correct resolution has yet been...
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| x Omnipotence paradox |
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The omnipotence paradox is a family of related paradoxes addressing the question of what is possible for an omnipotent being to do. The paradox states that if the being can perform such actions, then it can limit its own ability to perform actions...
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| x Simpson's paradox |
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In probability and statistics, Simpson's paradox (or the Yule-Simpson effect) is an apparent paradox in which the successes of groups seem reversed when the groups are combined. This result is often encountered in social and medical science...
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| x Barber paradox |
The Barber paradox is a puzzle derived from Russell's paradox. It was used by Bertrand Russell himself as an illustration of the paradox, though he attributes it to an unnamed person who suggested it to him. It shows that an apparently plausible...
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| x Banach–Tarski paradox |
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The Banach–Tarski paradox is a theorem in set theoretic geometry which states that a solid ball in 3-dimensional space can be split into a finite number of non-overlapping pieces, which can then be put back together in a different way to yield two...
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| x Burali-Forti paradox |
In set theory, a field of mathematics, the Burali-Forti paradox demonstrates that naively constructing "the set of all ordinal numbers" leads to a contradiction and therefore shows an antinomy in a system that allows its construction. It is named...
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| x Newcomb's paradox |
Newcomb's Paradox, also referred to as Newcomb's Problem, is a thought experiment involving a game between two players, one of whom purports to be able to predict the future. Whether the problem is actually a paradox is disputed.
Newcomb's paradox...
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| x Birthday paradox |
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In probability theory, the birthday problem, or birthday paradox pertains to the probability that in a set of randomly chosen people some pair of them will have the same birthday. In a group of at least 23 randomly chosen people, there is more than...
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| x Richard's paradox |
In logic, Richard's paradox is a semantical antinomy in set theory and natural language first described by the French mathematician Jules Richard in 1905. Today, the paradox is ordinarily used in order to motivate the importance of carefully...
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| x Decision problem |
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In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a decision problem is a question in some formal system with a yes-or-no answer, depending on the values of some input parameters. For example, the problem "given two numbers x and y, does...
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| x Economic calculation problem |
The economic calculation problem is a criticism of socialist economics, or more precisely central economic planning. It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in 1920 and later expounded by Friedrich Hayek. The problem referred to is that of how to...
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| x Problem |
A problem is an issue or obstacle which makes it difficult to achieve a desired goal, objective or purpose. It refers to a situation, condition, or issue that is yet unresolved. In a broad sense, a problem exists when an individual becomes aware of...
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| x Frame problem |
In artificial intelligence, the frame problem was initially formulated as the problem of expressing a dynamical domain in logic without explicitly specifying which conditions are not affected by an action. John McCarthy and Patrick J. Hayes defined...
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| x Knapsack problem |
The knapsack problem or rucksack problem is a problem in combinatorial optimization: Given a set of items, each with a weight and a value, determine the number of each item to include in a collection so that the total weight is less than a given...
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| x Problem of universals |
The problem of universals is an ancient problem in metaphysics about whether universals exist. Universals are general or abstract qualities, characteristics, properties, kinds or relations, such as being male/female, solid/liquid/gas or a certain...
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| x Star height problem |
The star height problem in formal language theory is the question whether all regular languages can be expressed using regular expressions of limited star height, i.e. with a limited nesting depth of Kleene stars. Specifically, is a nesting depth of...
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| x Solar neutrino problem |
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The solar neutrino problem was a major discrepancy between measurements of the numbers of neutrinos flowing through the Earth and theoretical models of the solar interior, lasting from the mid-1960s to about 2002. The discrepancy has since been...
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| x Problem of other minds |
The problem of other minds has traditionally been regarded as an epistemological challenge raised by the skeptic. The challenge may be expressed as follows: given that I can only observe the behaviour of others, how can I know that others have minds...
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| x Free rider problem |
In economics, collective bargaining, psychology, and political science, "free riders" are those who consume more than their fair share of a public resource, or shoulder less than a fair share of the costs of its production. Free riding is usually...
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| x Albert Einstein |
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Albert Einstein (pronounced /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n] ( listen); 14 March 1879–18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist. His many contributions to physics include the special and general theories of relativity, the...
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| x Natural selection |
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Natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations. It is a key mechanism of evolution.
The natural...
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| x Charles Darwin |
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Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist who realised that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors, and published compelling supporting evidence of this in his 1859 book On the...
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| x Erwin Schrödinger | ||
| x Gödel's ontological proof |
Gödel's ontological proof is a formalization of Saint Anselm's ontological argument for God's existence by the mathematician Kurt Gödel.
St. Anselm's ontological argument, in its most succinct form, is as follows: "God, by definition, is that than...
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| x Gödel's completeness theorem |
Gödel's completeness theorem is a fundamental theorem in mathematical logic that establishes a correspondence between semantic truth and syntactic provability in first-order logic. It was first proved by Kurt Gödel in 1929.
A first-order formula is...
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| x Kurt Gödel |
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Kurt Gödel (German pronunciation: [kʊʁt ˈɡøːdl̩] ( listen); April 28, 1906, Brno, Moravia – January 14, 1978, Princeton, New Jersey, USA) was an Austrian-American logician, mathematician and philosopher. One of the most significant logicians of all...
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| x Three cottage problem |
The classical mathematical puzzle known as water, gas, and electricity, the (three) utilities problem, or sometimes the three cottage problem, can be stated as follows:
This is intended as an abstract mathematical puzzle and imposes constraints that...
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| x N-body problem |
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To understand the motion of celestial bodies, the sun, planets and the visible stars has been the main motivation for the n-body problem. The first complete mathematical formulation of this problem appeared in Isaac Newton's Principia (the n-body...
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| x Assignment problem |
The assignment problem is one of the fundamental combinatorial optimization problems in the branch of optimization or operations research in mathematics. It consists of finding a maximum weight matching in a weighted bipartite graph.
In its most...
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| x Hilbert's fifth problem |
Hilbert's fifth problem, from the problem-list publicized in 1900 by mathematician David Hilbert, concerns the characterization of Lie groups. The theory of Lie groups describes continuous symmetry in mathematics; its importance there and in...
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| x Big Design Up Front |
Big Design Up Front (BDUF) is a term for any software development approach, in which the program's design is to be completed and perfected before that program's implementation is started. It is often associated with the waterfall model of software...
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