This type is intended to map a topic's role in thought and theory; Its 'meme' life, or symbolic role as subject of consideration by others. Idea, opinion, theory, or evidence. The topic doesn't need to be exclusively an idea. For example, Arctic shrinkage is an event, but its also an idea because...
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3,309 Idea topics matching:
Filter this Collection| x name | x image | x Type of argument | x article |
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| x Argument from morality |
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The argument from morality is an argument for the existence of God. Many variations on the argument exist; they all start from a claim about morality (either that moral objectivity exists in the world or that there must be a moral order in the...
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| x Absolute Infinite |
The Absolute Infinite is mathematician Georg Cantor's concept of an "infinity" that transcended the transfinite numbers. Cantor equated the Absolute Infinite with God. He held that the Absolute Infinite had various mathematical properties, including...
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| x Incompatible-properties argument |
The incompatible-properties argument is the idea that no description of God is consistent with reality. For example, if one takes the definition of God to be described fully from the Bible, then the claims of what properties God has described...
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| x Problem of evil |
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A posteriori |
In the philosophy of religion, the problem of evil is the question of how to explain evil if there exists a deity that is omnibenevolent, omnipotent, and omniscient (see theism). Some philosophers have claimed that the existences of such a god and...
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| x Transcendental argument for the existence of God |
The Transcendental Argument for the Existence of God (TAG) is the argument that attempts to prove God's existence by arguing that logic, morals, and science ultimately presuppose a theistic worldview, and that God must be the source of logic and...
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| x Argument from nonbelief | A posteriori |
The argument from nonbelief (or the argument from divine hiddenness) is a philosophical argument against the existence of God. The premise of the argument is that if God existed (and wanted humanity to know it), he would have brought about a...
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| x Christological argument |
The Christological argument for the existence of God is based on certain claims about Jesus. The argument, which exists in several forms, holds that if these claims are valid, one should accept God exists. There are three main threads:
The essential...
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| x Argument from free will |
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The argument from free will (also called the paradox of free will, or theological fatalism) contends that omniscience and free will are incompatible, and that any conception of God that incorporates both properties is therefore inherently...
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| x Argument from inconsistent revelations |
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A posteriori |
The argument from inconsistent revelations, also known as the avoiding the wrong hell problem, is an argument against the existence of God. It asserts that it is unlikely that God exists because many theologians and faithful adherents have produced...
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| x Theological noncognitivism |
Theological noncognitivism is the argument that religious language, and specifically words like "God", are not cognitively meaningful. It is sometimes considered to be synonymous with Ignosticism.
In a nutshell, a theological noncognitivist: 1....
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| x Argument from poor design |
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A posteriori |
The dysteleological argument or argument from poor design is an argument against the existence of God, specifically against the existence of a creator God (in the sense of a God that directly created all species of life). It is based on the...
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| x Witness argument |
The witness argument is an argument that is meant to help prove the existence of God, based on the assumption that many people have claimed to have personal experience with God.
In the Old Testament there are many accounts of interactions with God....
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| x Kalam cosmological argument |
The Kalām cosmological argument is a variation of the cosmological argument that argues for the existence of a First Cause for the universe. Its origins can be traced to medieval Jewish, Christian and Muslim thinkers, but most directly to Islamic...
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| x Primum movens |
Primum movens (Latin), usually referred to as the Prime mover or first cause in English, is a term used in the philosophy of Aristotle, in the theological cosmological argument for the existence of God, and in cosmogony, the source of the cosmos or ...
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| x Argument from a proper basis |
The Argument from a proper basis is an ontological argument for the existence of God related to fideism. Alvin Plantinga argued that belief in God is a properly basic belief, and so no basis for belief in God is necessary.
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| x Argument from miracles |
The argument from miracles is an argument for the existence of God relying on eyewitness testimony of the occurrence of miracles (usually taken to be physically impossible/extremely improbable events) to establish the active intervention of a...
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| x Russell's teapot |
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Argument by analogy |
Russell's teapot, sometimes called the celestial teapot or cosmic teapot, is an analogy first coined by the philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) to illustrate the idea that the philosophic burden of proof lies upon a person making scientifically...
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| x Argument from Desire |
The argument from desire is an argument for the existence of God. It is most known in recent times through the writings of C. S. Lewis, for whom it played pivotal role in his own conversion to theism and thence to Christianity.
As a syllogism it can...
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| x Argument from beauty | A posteriori |
The argument from beauty (also the aesthetic argument) is an argument for the existence of God.
That beauty transcends its physical manifestations and points towards the existence of God is a major theme in the writings of St Augustine. The most...
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| x Argument from religious experience |
The Argument from religious experience is an argument for the existence of God, as against materialism.
Its logical structure is essentially as follows:
Points 2, 3 and 4 are relatively un-controversial, and the argument is formally valid, so...
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| x Argument from degree |
The argument from degrees or the degrees of perfection argument is an argument for the existence of God first proposed by mediaeval Roman Catholic theologian Thomas Aquinas as one of the five ways to philosophically argue for God in his Summa...
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| x Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit |
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The Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit is a counter-argument to the modern form of the argument from design. It was introduced by Richard Dawkins in chapter 4 "Why there almost certainly is no God" of his 2006 book The God Delusion.
Richard Dawkins begins...
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| x Argument from consciousness |
The argument from consciousness is an argument for the existence of God based on consciousness.
The argument may be stated in inductive or deductive form
Given theism and naturalism as live options fixed by our background beliefs, theism provides a...
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| x Ontological argument |
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A priori |
An ontological argument for the existence of God (or simply ontological argument) is any one of a category of arguments for the existence of God. The exact criteria for the classification of ontological arguments are not widely agreed, but the...
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| x Necessary Existent |
The Necessary Existent is part of some versions of the Ontological argument for the existence of God, an argument used particularly in Islamic and Christian religious traditions. Like the ontological argument itself, it is in the form of an a priori...
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| x Argument from Reason |
The Argument from Reason is an argument for the existence of God (at least as a supernatural instantiater of human reason) largely developed by C.S. Lewis.
C.S. Lewis originally posited the argument as follows:
The argument against materialism holds...
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| x Hedonism |
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Hedonism is a school of thought which argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good. In very simple terms, a hedonist strives to maximize net pleasure (pleasure minus pain).
The name derives from the Greek word for "delight" (ἡδονισμός hēdonismos...
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| x Atheism |
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Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Most inclusively, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist....
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| x Trademark argument |
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A priori |
The trademark argument is an a priori argument for the existence of God developed by French philosopher and mathematician, René Descartes. The argument, though similar to the ontological argument, differs in some respects, since it seeks to prove...
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| x Humanism |
Humanism is a comprehensive life stance that upholds human reason, ethics, and justice, and rejects supernaturalism, pseudoscience, and superstition. This article uses the words Humanism and Humanist (with a capital H and no adjective such as ...
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| x Strong atheism |
Positive atheism is a term used to describe the form of atheism that asserts that no deity exists. Negative atheism refers to any other type of atheism, wherein a person does not believe in the existence of any deity, but without asserting there to...
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| x Nontheism |
Nontheism is a term that covers a range of both religious and nonreligious attitudes characterized by the absence or rejection of theism or any belief in a personal god or gods. Invented originally as a synonym for secularism (see below), it has...
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| x Confucianism |
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Confucianism, literally "The School of the Scholars," is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the early Chinese sage Confucius. Confucianism is a complex system of moral, social, political,...
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| x Objectivism |
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Objectivism is a philosophy created by Russian-American philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand (1905–1982). Objectivism's central tenets are that reality exists independent of consciousness, that human beings have direct contact with reality through...
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| x Materialism |
In philosophy, the theory of materialism holds that the only thing that exists is matter or energy; that all things are composed of material and all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of material interactions. In other words, matter...
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| x Animism |
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Animism (from Latin anima "soul, life") refers to the belief that non-human entities are spiritual beings, or at least embody some kind of life-principle.
Animism encompasses the beliefs that there is no separation between the spiritual and physical...
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| x Arianism |
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Arianism is the theological teaching attributed to Arius (ca. AD 250–336), a Christian presbyter in Alexandria, Egypt, concerning the relationship of the persons of the Trinity ('God the Father', 'God the Son', and 'God the Holy Spirit') and the...
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| x Deism |
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Deism (/ˈdiː.ɪzəm/ or /ˈdeɪ.ɪzəm/) is a religious philosophy which holds that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is the product of an intelligent creator. According...
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| x Evangelicalism |
Evangelicalism is a Protestant Christian movement which began in the 17th century and became an organized movement with the emergence around 1730 of the Methodists in England and the Pietists among Lutherans in Germany and Scandinavia. The movement...
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| x Hasidic Judaism |
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Hasidic Judaism or Hasidism, from the Hebrew: חסידות—Ḥasidut (IPA: [ħɑsiduθ]) in Sephardi Hebrew, Chasidus (IPA: [χɑsidus]) in Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish, meaning "piety" (literally "loving kindness"), is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that...
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| x Neopaganism |
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Contemporary Paganism, or Neopaganism, is an umbrella term used to identify a wide variety of modern religious movements, particularly those influenced by or claiming to be derived from the various pagan beliefs of pre-modern Europe. Although they...
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| x Pantheism |
Pantheism is the view that the Universe (or Nature) and God (or divinity) are identical. Pantheists thus do not believe in a personal, anthropomorphic or creator god. The word derives from the Greek (pan) meaning "all" and the Greek (theos) meaning ...
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| x Pentecostalism |
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Pentecostalism or Classical Pentecostalism is a renewal movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism in the Holy Spirit. The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, the...
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| x Polytheism |
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Polytheism is the belief of multiple deities also usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own mythologies and rituals.
Polytheism was the typical form of religion during the Bronze Age and Iron Age, up to the Axial...
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| x Presbyterianism |
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Presbyterianism is a branch of Protestant Christianity that adheres to the Calvinist theological tradition and whose congregations are organized according to a Presbyterian polity. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God,...
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| x Protestantism |
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Protestantism is one of the major groupings within Christianity. It has been defined as "any of several church denominations denying the universal authority of the Pope and affirming the Reformation principles of justification by faith alone, the...
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| x Restorationism |
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Christian primitivism, the primitive Christian movement, or restorationism is the belief that Christianity should be restored along the lines of what is known about the apostolic early church, which restorationists see as the search for a more pure...
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| x Secular humanism |
The world view, subculture, or religion of secular humanism (alternatively known by adherents as Humanism, specifically with a capital H to distinguish it from other forms of humanism) embraces human reason and secular ethics while specifically...
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| x Shi'a Islam |
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Shia Islam (Arabic: شيعة, Shīʿah) is the second largest denomination of Islam. Adherents of Shia Islam are called Shi'is [ˈshē-ēz], Shi'ites, or Shias. "Shia" is the short form of the historic phrase Shīʻatu ʻAlī (شيعة علي), meaning "followers of...
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| x Shinto |
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Shinto (神道, Shintō) or Shintoism, also kami-no-michi, is the indigenous spirituality of Japan and the people of Japan. It is a set of practices, to be carried out diligently, to establish a connection between present day Japan and its ancient past....
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| x Sufism |
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Sufism or taṣawwuf (Arabic: تصوّف) is defined by its adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ṣūfī (صُوفِيّ).
Classical Sufi scholars have defined Sufism as "a science whose...
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| x Tibetan Buddhism |
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Tibetan Buddhism is a common term used in the West to describe the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of certain regions of the Himalayas, including Tibet, northern Nepal, Bhutan, and India (particularly in Arunachal...
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| x Zen |
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Zen is a school of Mahayana Buddhism which originated in China during the 6th century CE as Chán. From China, Zen spread south to Vietnam, to Korea and east to Japan.
The word Zen is from the Japanese pronunciation of the Middle Chinese word 禪 Dzyen...
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| x Zoroastrianism |
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Zoroastrianism /ˌzɒroʊˈæstriənɪzəm/ (or Mazdaism) is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of prophet Zoroaster (also known as Zarathustra, in Avestan) and was formerly among the world's largest religions. It was probably founded some...
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| x Taoism |
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Taoism (pronounced and also spelled Daoism; Chinese: 道教 or 道家; pinyin: dàojiào or dàojiā) is a philosophical and religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (Chinese: 道; pinyin: dào). The term Tao (or Dao, depending on the...
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| x Agnosticism |
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Agnosticism is the view that the truth values of certain claims—especially claims about the existence or non-existence of any deity, but also other religious and metaphysical claims—are unknown or unknowable. Agnosticism can be defined in various...
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| x Buddhist philosophy |
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Buddhist philosophy is the elaboration and explanation of the delivered teachings of the Buddha as found in the Tripitaka and Agama. Its main concern is with explicating the dharmas constituting reality. A recurrent theme is the reification of...
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| x Jainism |
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Jainism ( /ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm/; Sanskrit: जैनधर्म - Jainadharma, Tamil: சமணம் - Samaṇam Kannada: ಜೈನ ಧರ್ಮ - Jaina Dharma), is an Indian religion that prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice emphasize the...
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| x Theism |
Theism, in the broadest sense, is the belief that at least one deity exists. In a more specific sense, theism is a doctrine concerning the nature of a monotheistic God and God's relationship to the universe. Theism, in this specific sense,...
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| x Transcendentalism |
Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in the New England region of the United States as a protest to the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard...
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