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Abyssal fan
Abyssal Fans, also known as deep-sea fans, underwater deltas, and submarine fans, are underwater structures that look like deltas formed at the end of many large rivers, such as the Nile or Mississippi Rivers. Abyssal fans are also thought of as an...
Abyssal plain
Abyssal plains are flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. They are among the Earth's flattest and smoothest regions and the least explored. Abyssal plains cover approximately 40% of the ocean floor and reach depths between...
Agricultural drainage system
An agricultural drainage system is a system by which the water level on or in the soil is controlled to enhance agricultural crop production.
Figure 1 classifies the various types of drainage systems. It shows the field (or internal) and the main ...
Agriculture
Agriculture is the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. crops) creating food surpluses...
Algific talus slopes
Algific talus slopes comprise a rare, fragile ecosystem stated to exist only in the Driftless Area of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, and especially, Iowa. Others suggest, however, that close comparison between similar sites worldwide may enlarge...
Antarctic flora
The Antarctic flora is a distinct community of vascular plants which evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana, and is now found on several separate areas of the Southern Hemisphere, including southern South America,...
Archipelago
An archipelago (pronounced /ɑrkɨˈpɛləɡoʊ/) is a chain or cluster of islands that are formed tectonically. The word archipelago is directly derived from the Greek arkhon (arkhi-) ("main" - and so "leader" in "monarchy" for example) and pelagos ("sea"...
Arroyo
An arroyo (literally brook in Spanish), also called a wash or draw, is a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain, or seasonally. As such, the term is similar to the word wadi. Arroyos can be natural or man...
Aspen forest
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Bar
A shoal, sandbar (or just bar in context), or gravebar is a somewhat linear landform within or extending into a body of water, typically composed of sand, silt or small pebbles. A spit or sandspit is a type of shoal. Shoals are characteristically...
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Beach
A beach is a geological landform along the shoreline of a body of water. It usually consists of loose particles which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, or cobblestones. The particles of which the beach is composed...
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Bog
A bog or mire is a wetland type that accumulates acidic peat, a deposit of dead plant material—usually mosses, but also lichens in Arctic climates.
Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is acidic, either from acidic ground water, or where...
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Boreal forest of Canada
Canada's boreal forest comprises about one third of the circumpolar boreal forest that rings the northern hemisphere, mostly north of the 50th parallel. Other countries with boreal forest include Russia, which contains the majority, and the...
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Bottomland hardwood forest concept
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Butte
A butte (pronounced /ˈbjuːt/) is an isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top; smaller than mesas, plateaus, and tables. In some regions the word is simply used for any hill. The word "butte" comes from a French...
Caldera
A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature usually formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption such as the ones at Yellowstone National Park in the US and Glen Coe in Scotland. They are sometimes confused with volcanic craters....
Canyon
A canyon, or gorge, is a deep valley between cliffs often carved from the landscape by a river. Most canyons were formed by a process of long-time erosion from a plateau level. The cliffs form because harder rock strata that are resistant to erosion...
Cirque
A cirque (French for "circus") is an amphitheatre-like valley, or valley head, formed at the head of a glacier by erosion. A cirque also is known as a coombe or coomb in England, a combe or comb in America, a corrie (coire) in Scotland and Ireland,...
Cliff
In geography and geology, a cliff is a significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas,...
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Coniferous forest
A generic description of coniferous forest that may occur anywhere in the world.
Continental shelf
The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain, and was part of the continent during the glacial periods, but is undersea during interglacial periods such as the current epoch by relatively shallow...
Cove
A cove is a circular or oval coastal inlet with a narrow entrance. Colloquially, the term can be used to describe a sheltered bay.
Coves are the results of waves attacking the weakness of rocks, infiltrating them to result in inlets. These further...
Cove forest
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Deciduous Forest concept
Generic deciduous forest description.
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Dell
In physical geography, a dell is a small wooded valley. Like "dale", the word "dell" is derived from the Old English language dæl.
Ditch
A ditch is usually defined as a small to moderate depression created to channel water.
In Anglo-Saxon, the word dic already existed and was pronounced with a hard c in northern England and as ditch in the south. The origins of the word lie in...
Drumlin
A drumlin (derived from the Gaelic word druim (“rounded hill,” or “mound”) first recorded use in 1833) is an elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action. Its long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice, with the blunter end facing...
Drumlin field
A drumlin field is a cluster of dozens to hundreds of similarly shaped, sized and oriented drumlins, also called a drumlin swarm. Drumlins are one type of landform that indicate continental ice sheet glaciation. The total depth of glacial deposits...
Dune
In physical geography, a dune is a hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes are subject to different forms and sizes based on their interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dune are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the...
Early successional forest
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Eastern Hemlock forest concept
The generic concept of an Eastern Hemlock dominant forest.
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Emergent vegetation
A generic description of wetland plant communities dominated by aquatic vegetation.
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Escarpment
In geomorphology, an escarpment is a transition zone between different physiogeographic provinces that involves a sharp, steep elevation differential, characterized by a cliff or steep slope. Usually escarpment is used interchangeably with scarp ...
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Estuary
An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries are thus subject to both marine influences, such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline...
Fell
A fell (from Old Norse fjall, "mountain") is a word used to refer to mountains, or certain types of mountainous landscape, in Scandinavia, the Isle of Man, and parts of England.
The English word fell comes from Old Norse fjall. It is cognate with...
Fjord
Geologically, a fjord (pronounced /fjɔrd/ ( listen) or pronounced /fiːɔrd/) is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides, created in a valley carved by glacial activity.
Fjords are formed when a glacier cuts a v-shaped valley by abrasion of the...
Floodplain
A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding. It includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows, and...
Glacier
A glacier is a perennial mass of ice which moves over land. A glacier forms in locations where the mass accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation over many years. The word glacier comes from French via the Vulgar Latin glacia, and ultimately...
Grassland
Grasslands (also called greenswards) are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae) and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants (forbs). However, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also be found. Grasslands occur...
Gully
A gully is a landform created by running water eroding sharply into soil, typically on a hillside. Gullies resemble large ditches or small valleys, but are metres to tens of metres in depth and width. When the gully formation is in process, the...
Highland
The term highland or upland is used to denote any mountainous region or elevated mountainous plateau.
The Scottish Highlands refers to the mountainous region north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. Many countries have areas that are...
Hill
A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain, in a limited area. Hills often have a distinct summit, although in areas with scarp/dip topography a hill may refer to a particular section of scarp slope without a well-defined summit...
Inlet
An inlet is a narrow body of water between islands or leading inland from a larger body of water, often leading to an enclosed body of water, such as a sound, bay, lagoon or marsh. In sea coasts an inlet usually refers to the actual connection...
Inverted river delta
An inverted river delta is special category of river delta in which the narrow end of the delta emerges on the seafront and the wide end is located further inland, so that with respect to the seafront, the locations of both ends of the delta are...
Islet
An islet is a small island.
As suggested by its origin as islette, an Old French diminutive of "isle", use of the term implies small size, but little attention is given to drawing an upper limit on its applicability.
Isthmus
An isthmus (English pronunciation: /ˈɪsθməs/ or /ˈɪsməs/; plural: isthmuses, isthmi, from Ancient Greek: ἰσθμός, isthmos, neck) is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas. Of note, the Isthmus of Panama connects the continents of...
Kame
A kame is a geological feature, an irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sand, gravel and till that accumulates in a depression on a retreating glacier, and is then deposited on the land surface with further melting of the glacier. Kames are...
