Share This
table started by
mikeshwe for the Nobel Prizes Base
There is no user-contributed description yet.
Add More Topics
Save this view to a base, or just for yourself.
545 Nobel Subject Area topics matching:
Filter this Collection|
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x name | x image | x Nobel Awards | x article | ||
| x Year | x Notes/Description | x Subject Area | |||
| x HIV | 2008 | "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus" | |||
| x Atomic nucleus |
|
1975 | "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" |
The nucleus is the very dense region consisting of nucleons (protons and neutrons) at the center of an atom. Almost all of the mass in an atom is made up from the protons and neutrons in the nucleus, with a very small contribution from the orbiting...
|
|
| 1951 | "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" | ||||
| 1963 | "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles" | ||||
| 1951 | "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" | ||||
| 1961 | "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" | Electron scattering | |||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Chemistry |
|
Chemistry (from Arabic:الكيم Latinized: chem (kēme), meaning "earth") is the science concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical...
|
|||
| x Proteolysis | 2004 | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" | Ubiquitin |
Proteolysis is the directed degradation (digestion) of proteins by cellular enzymes called proteases or by intramolecular digestion.
Proteolysis is used by the cell for several purposes. They include:
Proteolysis is also used in research and...
|
|
| x Electron crystallography |
|
1982 | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" |
Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using an electron microscope. It can complement X-ray crystallography for studies of very small crystals (
|
|
| x Electromagnetism |
|
Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field, a field that exerts a force on particles with the property of electric charge and is reciprocally affected by the presence and motion of such particles.
A changing magnetic field produces...
|
|||
| x Sex steroid | 1939 | "for his work on sex hormones" |
Sex steroids, aka gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. Their effects are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through...
|
||
| x Sterol |
|
1928 | "for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" |
Sterols are an important class of organic molecules. They occur naturally in plants, animals and fungi, with the most familiar type of animal sterol being cholesterol. Cholesterol is vital to cellular function, and a precursor to fat-soluable...
|
|
| x Human rights |
|
1927 |
Human rights are "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled." Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty,...
|
||
| 1974 | "for his efforts on behalf of human rights" | ||||
| 1977 | "for its campaign against torture" | ||||
| 1980 | "for his efforts in the defense of human rights" | ||||
| 1983 | Solidarity | ||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Femtochemistry | 1999 | "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" |
Femtochemistry is the science that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10 seconds (one femtosecond, hence the name).
In 1999, Ahmed H. Zewail received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneering work in this...
|
||
| x Global warming |
|
2007 | "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change" |
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last...
|
|
| x Conductive polymer |
|
2000 | "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers" |
Conductive polymers are organic polymers that conduct electricity. Such compounds may be true metallic conductors or semiconductors. It is generally accepted that metals conduct electricity well and that organic compounds are insulating, but this...
|
|
| x Action potential |
|
1944 | "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" | Axon |
An action potential (or nerve impulse) is a transient alteration of the transmembrane voltage (or membrane potential) across an excitable membrane in an excitable cell (such as a neuron or myocyte) generated by the activity of voltage-gated ion...
|
| 1963 | "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane" | Chemical synapse | |||
| x Interferometry |
|
Interferometry is the technique of diagnosing the properties of two or more waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their superposition. The instrument used to interfere the waves together is called an interferometer. Interferometry...
|
|||
| x Nihilism |
Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing) is the philosophical doctrine suggesting the negation of one or more aspects of life or the world in general. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism which argues that life is...
|
||||
| x Cell fractionation | 1974 | "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" | Organelle |
Cell fractionation is the separation of homogeneous sets, usually organelles, from a heterogeneous population of cells.
There are three principal steps involved:
Tissue is typically homogenized in an isotonic buffer solution using a variety of...
|
|
| x Photoelectric effect |
|
1921 | "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" |
The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic solids, liquids or gases) as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength, such as...
|
|
| 1923 | "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect" | ||||
| x Giant magnetoresistive effect | 2007 | "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance" |
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in thin film structures composed of alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers.
The effect manifests itself as a significant decrease (typically 10–80%) in...
|
||
| x Nonviolence |
|
1960 | "for his role in the non-violent struggle against apartheid." | History of South Africa in the apartheid era |
Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of violence. As such, nonviolence is an alternative to passive acceptance of oppression and armed struggle against it. Practitioners of nonviolence may use diverse...
|
| 1964 | "for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means" | Civil rights movement | |||
| 1991 | "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights" | Civil disobedience | |||
| Human rights | |||||
| x Fumaric acid |
|
1937 | "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" | Vitamin C |
Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid, is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
This white crystalline compound is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid, wherein the carboxylic acid groups...
|
| x Vitamin C |
|
1937 | "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" | Fumaric acid |
Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient for humans, in which it functions as a vitamin. Ascorbate (an ion of ascorbic acid) is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants. It is made internally by...
|
| 1937 | "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" | Carbohydrate | |||
| x Protein |
|
1910 | "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" | Cell biology |
Proteins (also known as polypeptides) are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer chain are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino...
|
| 1958 | "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" | Nucleic Acids | |||
| 1946 | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" | ||||
| 1962 | "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" | ||||
| Heme | |||||
| x Cell biology |
|
1910 | "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" | Protein |
Cell biology (formerly cytology, from the Greek kytos, "container") is an academic discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle,...
|
| Nucleic Acids | |||||
| x Nucleic Acids | 1910 | "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" | Cell biology |
A family of macromolecules, composed of various moiety: purines, pyrimidines, phosphoric acid, and a pentose, either d-ribose or d-deoxyribose. Nucleic acids in the form either DNA or RNA was found in the chromosomes, nucleoli, mitochondria, and...
|
|
| Protein | |||||
| x Gulag |
|
1970 | "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature" |
The Gulag or GULAG was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. The term is infamous for its association with remote places where prisoners were kept and sometimes disappeared. The camps housed all types of...
|
|
| x Maser | 1964 | "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" | Quantum electronics |
A maser is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification due to stimulated emission. Historically the term came from the acronym "Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation", although modern masers emit...
|
|
| x Laser |
|
1997 | "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light" |
A laser is a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process called stimulated emission. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the light either is emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be...
|
|
| x Biochemistry |
|
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules.
Among the vast number of...
|
|||
| x Condensed matter physics |
|
Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of constituents in a system is...
|
|||
| x Surgical suture |
|
1912 | "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" | Organ transplant |
Surgical suture is a medical device used to hold body tissues together after injury or surgery. Sutures must be strong enough to hold tissue securely but flexible enough to be knotted. They must be hypoallergenic and avoid the "wick effect" that...
|
| x Organ transplant |
|
1912 | "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" | Surgical suture |
Organ transplant is the moving of an organ from one body to another (or from a donor site on the patient's own body), for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor site. Organ donors can be...
|
| 1990 | "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" | ||||
| 1990 | "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" | ||||
| x Diplomacy |
|
1936 | "for the peace and brotherhood of men." | Chaco War |
Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states. It usually refers to international diplomacy, the conduct of international relations through the intercession of professional diplomats with...
|
| 2001 | "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world" | ||||
| x Politics |
|
Politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions. The term is generally applied to behavior within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic and religious...
|
|||
| x G-protein signal transduction | 1994 | "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" | |||
| x Genetics |
|
1933 | "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" |
Genetics, (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genitive” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their...
|
|
| x Quantum mechanics |
|
1918 | "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta" |
Quantum mechanics (QM) is a set of principles describing the physical reality at the atomic level of matter (molecules and atoms) and the subatomic (electrons, protons, and even smaller particles). These descriptions include the simultaneous wave...
|
|
| 1922 | "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them" | ||||
| 1954 | "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" | ||||
| x Octahedral molecular geometry |
|
1913 | "in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry" |
In chemistry, octahedral molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where in six atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are symmetrically arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of an octahedron. The octahedron has eight faces,...
|
|
| x Computed tomography |
|
1979 | "for the development of computer assisted tomography" |
Computed tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method employing tomography created by computer processing. Digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the inside of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X...
|
|
| x Ophthalmology |
|
Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways, including the eye, hairs, and areas surrounding the eye, such as the lacrimal system and eyelids. The term ophthalmologist is an eye specialist...
|
|||
| x Welfare economics |
|
1998 | "for his contributions to welfare economics" |
Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine allocative efficiency within an economy and the income distribution associated with it. It analyzes social welfare, however measured, in terms...
|
|
| x Conscientious objector |
|
A conscientious objector (CO) is an individual who, on religious, moral or ethical grounds, refuses to participate as a combatant in war or, in some cases, to take any role that would support a combatant organization armed forces. In the first case,...
|
|||
| x Literature |
|
1901 | "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect" |
Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter), and therefore the academic study of literature is known as Letters (as in the phrase "Arts and Letters"). In...
|
|
| 1905 | "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer" | ||||
| 1906 | "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces" | ||||
| 1907 | "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author" | ||||
| 1908 | "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life" | ||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Cardiac catheterization |
|
1956 | "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system" |
Cardiac catheterization (heart cath) is the insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart. This is done for both investigational and interventional purposes. Coronary catheterization is a subset of this technique, involving the...
|
|
| x Symbolism |
|
1911 | "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations" |
Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. In literature, the movement had its roots in Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil, 1857) by Charles Baudelaire. The works of Edgar Allan...
|
|
| x Lac operon |
|
1965 | "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" | Provirus |
The lac operon is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and some other enteric bacteria. It consists of three adjacent structural genes, a promoter, a terminator, and an operator. The lac operon is...
|
| x Civil liberties |
|
1975 | "for his ideas on social development of human rights as a new basis of all politics" |
Civil liberties are rights in Freedom that protect an individual from the government of the nation in which they reside. Civil liberties set limits on government so that its members cannot abuse their power and interfere unduly with the lives of...
|
|
| x RNA interference |
|
2006 | "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA" |
RNA interference (RNAi) is a system within living cells that helps to control which genes are active and how active they are. Two types of small RNA molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference....
|
|
| x Neurohormone | 1977 | "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" |
A neurohormone is any hormone produced and released by neurons.
Examples include:
In contrast to the classical hormones oxytocin and ADH, which are released to the blood and distributed throughout the body, neurotransmitters can be considered...
|
||
| x Radioactive decay | 1903 | " In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity." |
Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation. This decay, or loss of energy, results in an atom of one type, called the parent nuclide transforming to an...
|
||
| x Electromagnetic radiation |
|
Electromagnetic radiation (often abbreviated E-M radiation or EMR) is a ubiquitous phenomenon that takes the form of self-propagating waves in a vacuum or in matter. It consists of electric and magnetic field components which oscillate in phase...
|
|||
| x Chromatography |
|
1952 | "for their invention of partition chromatography" |
Chromatography (from Greek χρώμα:chroma, color and γραφειν:graphein to write) is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary...
|
|
| x Electrophoresis |
|
1948 | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" |
Electrophoresis is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. This electrokinetic phenomenon was observed for the first time in 1807 by Reuss , who noticed that the application of...
|
|
| x Cosmic microwave background radiation |
|
1978 | "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation" |
In cosmology, cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation (also CMBR, CBR, MBR, and relic radiation) is a form of electromagnetic radiation filling the universe. With a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the...
|
|
| x Compton scattering |
|
1927 | "for his discovery of the effect named after him" |
In physics, Compton scattering or the Compton effect is the decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, when it interacts with matter. Because of the change in photon energy, it is an inelastic scattering process....
|
|
| x Fermentation |
|
1929 | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" |
Fermentation in food processing typically is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids using yeasts, bacteria, or a combination thereof, under anaerobic conditions. A more restricted definition of fermentation...
|
|
| x World Disarmament Conference | 1934 |
The Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments of 1932-34 (sometimes World Disarmament Conference or Geneva Disarmament Conference) was an effort by member states of the League of Nations, together with the U.S. and the Soviet Union,...
|
|||
| x nucleic acid synthesis | 1959 | "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" | DNA | ||
| x Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy |
|
1981 | "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" |
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which uses a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source. The laser is focused to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites samples. In principle, LIBS...
|
|
| x Agricultural chemistry | 1945 | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" | AIV fodder |
Agricultural chemistry is the study of both chemistry and biochemistry which are important in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and in environmental monitoring and remediation. These studies emphasize...
|
|
| x nervous system signal transduction | 2000 | "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" | |||
