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Literary School Or Movement table
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jeff for the Publishing Commons
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| x name | x image | x Associated Period | x Associated Authors | x article | |
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| x Start | x End | ||||
| x Symbolist poetry | Kanbara Ariake |
Symbolism, as a type and movement in poetry, emphasized non-structured "internalized" poetry that, for lack of better words, describe thoughts and feelings in disconnected ways and places logic, formal structure, and descriptive reality in the back...
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| x Romanticism |
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Victor Hugo |
Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social...
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| Percy Bysshe Shelley | |||||
| Aleksandr Pushkin | |||||
| Edgar Allan Poe | |||||
| Emily Dickinson | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Acmeist poetry | Osip Mandelstam |
Acmeism, or the Guild of Poets, was a transient poetic school which emerged in 1910 in Russia under the leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov and Sergei Gorodetsky. The term was coined after the Greek word acme, i.e., "the best age of man".
The Acmeist...
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| Anna Akhmatova | |||||
| x Imagism |
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James Joyce |
Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. The Imagists rejected the sentiment and discursiveness typical of much Romantic and Victorian poetry. This was in...
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| William Carlos Williams | |||||
| Ai | |||||
| Yone Noguchi | |||||
| Antoni Lange | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Neo-imagism |
Neo-Imagism is a little-known literary movement, concerned purely with poetry. It arose in the early 1990s and its influence, among some writers, is still discernible today.The movement came about partly through a growing interest in minimalist...
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| x Concrete poetry |
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Caterina Davinio |
Concrete poetry, pattern poetry or shape poetry is poetry in which the typographical arrangement of words is as important in conveying the intended effect as the conventional elements of the poem, such as meaning of words, rhythm, rhyme and so on....
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| Philadelpho Menezes | |||||
| x Futurism |
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Giuseppe Ungaretti |
Futurism was an art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It was largely an Italian phenomenon, though there were parallel movements in Russia, England and elsewhere.
The Italian writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti was its...
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| Almada Negreiros | |||||
| Giovanni Papini | |||||
| Joan Salvat-Papasseit | |||||
| x Objectivist poets |
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The Objectivist poets were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernists who emerged in the 1930s. They were mainly American and were influenced by, amongst others, Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. The basic tenets of Objectivist poetics...
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| x New York School |
The New York School (synonymous with abstract expressionist painting) was an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s, 1960s in New York City. The poets, painters, composers, dancers, and musicians often...
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| x Augustan poetry |
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Virgil |
Augustan poetry is the poetry that flourished during the reign of Caesar Augustus as Emperor of Rome, most notably including the works of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. This poetry was more explicitly political than the poetry that had preceded it, and...
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| x Modernismo | Rubén Darío |
Modernismo is Spanish and Portuguese for modernism, however the term Modernismo also indicates a more specific art movement:
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| León de Greiff | |||||
| x Modernist poetry | 1890 | 1970 | Ezra Pound |
Modernist poetry refers to poetry written between 1890 and 1930 in the tradition of modernist literature; the dates of the term depend upon a number of factors, including the nation of origin, the particular school in question, and the biases of the...
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| T. S. Eliot | |||||
| E. E. Cummings | |||||
| William Carlos Williams | |||||
| Gertrude Stein | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Confessionalism |
Confessionalism is a label formally applied to a style of American poetry that emerged in the 1950 and 1960. The label continues to be applied, though usually in a derogatory sense, to poetry about personal experience, particularly when that poetry...
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| x Jazz poetry |
Jazz poetry can be defined as poetry that "demonstrates jazz-like rhythm or the feel of improvisation". During the 1920s, several poets began to eschew the conventions of rhythm and style; among these were Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, and E. E. Cummings...
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| x Fireside Poets |
The Fireside Poets (also known as the Schoolroom or Household Poets) were a group of 19th-century American poets from New England.
The group is typically thought to comprise Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier,...
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| x Russian Futurism |
|
Vladimir Mayakovsky |
Russian Futurism is the term used to denote a group of Russian poets and artists who adopted the principles of Marinetti's manifesto. Russian futurism may be said to have been born in December 1912, when the Moscow-based group Hylaea (Russian: Гилея...
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| x Black Arts Movement |
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Henry Dumas |
The Black Arts Movement or BAM is the artistic branch of the Black Power movement. It was started in Harlem by writer and activist Amiri Baraka (born Everett LeRoy Jones). Time Magazine describes the Black Arts Movement as the "single most...
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| Adrienne Kennedy | |||||
| x Black Mountain poets |
The Black Mountain poets, sometimes called projectivist poets, were a group of mid 20th century American avant-garde or postmodern poets centered on Black Mountain College.
Although it lasted only twenty-three years (1933-1956) and enrolled fewer...
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| x British Poetry Revival |
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The British Poetry Revival is the general name given to a loose poetic movement in Britain that took place in the 1960s and 1970s. The revival was a modernist-inspired reaction to the Movement's more conservative approach to British poetry.
If the...
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| x Cavalier poet |
Cavalier poets is a broad description of a school of English poets of the 17th century, who came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War. Much of their poetry is light in style, and generally secular in subject....
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| x Cairo poets |
The British Army presence in Egypt in World War II had as a side-effect the concentration of a group of Cairo poets. There had in fact been a noticeable literary group in Cairo before the war in North Africa broke out, including university academics...
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| x The Group |
The Group was an informal group of poets who met in London from the mid 1950s to the mid 1960s. As a poetic movement in Great Britain it is often seen as a being the successor to The Movement.
In November 1952 while at Downing College, Cambridge...
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| x New Formalism | Leo Yankevich |
New Formalism is a late-twentieth and early twenty-first century movement in American poetry that has promoted a return to metrical and rhymed verse.
The term 'New Formalism' was first used in the article 'The Yuppie Poet' in the May 1985 issue of...
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| x Harlem Renaissance |
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James Weldon Johnson |
The Harlem Renaissance (also known as the Black Literary Renaissance and the New Negro Movement) refers to the flowering of African American cultural and intellectual life during the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro...
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| May Miller | |||||
| x Poetic transrealism | Sergio Badilla Castillo |
Transrealism in poetry or uchronism, according to this poetic movement's father, the Chilean poet Sergio Badilla Castillo, is created upon a transposition of time, which means that temporary scenes merge, in the textual corpus, and in this way...
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| x Descriptive poetry |
Descriptive poetry is the name given to a class of literature that may be defined as belonging mainly to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. From the earliest times, all poetry which was not subjectively lyrical was apt to indulge in...
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| x Country house poems |
A genre popular in early 17th century England, in which the poet compliments a wealthy patron or a friend through a description of his country house. It may be regarded as a sub-set of the Topographical poem.
The model for the country house poem is...
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| x Language poets | Charles Bernstein |
The Language poets (or L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E poets, after the magazine that bears that name) are an avant garde group or tendency in United States poetry that emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In developing their poetics, members of the Language...
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| x Beat generation |
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Jack Kerouac |
The Beat Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired (later sometimes called "beatniks"). Central elements of "Beat"...
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| Allen Ginsberg | |||||
| William S. Burroughs | |||||
| John Clellon Holmes | |||||
| Gregory Corso | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Decadentism | Gabriele D'Annunzio | ||||
| x War generation of Russian poets |
War Generation is a name applied to the young Russian poets whose youth was spent fighting in the World War II and whose best poems reflect upon wartime experiences. Some of them actually died during the Great Patriotic War; others lived to an...
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| x American Writers Against the Vietnam War | David Ray |
American Writers Against the Vietnam War was an umbrella organization created in 1965 by American poets Robert Bly and David Ray. The group organized readings, meetings and joined in rallies, teach-ins, and demonstrations against the Vietnam War,...
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| Robert Bly | |||||
| x Georgian poets | Siegfried Sassoon |
The Georgian poets were, by the strictest definition, those whose works appeared in a series of five anthologies named Georgian Poetry, published by Harold Monro and edited by Edward Marsh. The first volume contained poems written in 1911 and 1912....
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| Walter de la Mare | |||||
| D. H. Lawrence | |||||
| Robert Graves | |||||
| Rupert Brooke | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Weaver Poets |
Weaver Poets, Rhyming Weaver Poets and Ulster Weaver Poets were a collective group of poets belonging to an artistic movement who were both influenced by and contemporaries of Robert Burns and the Romantic movement.
In the late eighteenth century, a...
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| x Graveyard poets |
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The "Graveyard Poets" were a number of pre-Romantic English poets of the 18th century characterised by their gloomy meditations on mortality, 'skulls and coffins, epitaphs and worms' (Blair: The Grave 23) in the context of the graveyard. To this was...
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| x Metaphysical poets | John Donne |
The metaphysical poets were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. The label "metaphysical" was given much later by Samuel Johnson in his Life...
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| Thomas Traherne | |||||
| Andrew Marvell | |||||
| x Gothic Romanticism | Edgar Allan Poe |
Gothic Romanticism is a genre used in literature, film, the visual and performing arts, and the creative arts to describe a merger between Gothic and Romanticism.
The term is also used in Gothic novels from the 18th century onwards.
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| x Dark romanticism |
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Edgar Allan Poe |
For the Primordial demo, see Dark Romanticism (Primordial album).
Dark romanticism is a literary subgenre that emerged from the Transcendental philosophical movement popular in nineteenth-century America. Works in the dark romantic spirit were...
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| Herman Melville | |||||
| Sheridan Le Fanu | |||||
| George Byron, 6th Baron Byron | |||||
| Samuel Taylor Coleridge | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood |
|
Dante Gabriel Rossetti |
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The three founders were soon joined by...
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| William Morris | |||||
| William Michael Rossetti | |||||
| Frederic George Stephens | |||||
| Christina Rossetti | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Classicism |
|
Molière |
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seeks to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained.
Classicism is a force which...
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| Giacomo Leopardi | |||||
| Friedrich Hölderlin | |||||
| Ion Heliade Rădulescu | |||||
| Gheorghe Asachi | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Dada |
|
Tristan Tzara |
Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zürich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature—poetry, art manifestoes, art theory—theatre, and graphic design, and...
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| Giuseppe Ungaretti | |||||
| Saşa Pană | |||||
| x Symbolism |
|
Arthur Rimbaud |
Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. In literature, the movement has its roots in Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil, 1857) by Charles Baudelaire. The works of Edgar Allan...
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| Paul Verlaine | |||||
| Charles Baudelaire | |||||
| Tristan Tzara | |||||
| Nakahara Chuya | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Modernism |
|
Arthur Rimbaud |
Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far...
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| Charles Baudelaire | |||||
| Tristan Corbière | |||||
| Dylan Thomas | |||||
| Franz Kafka | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Surrealism |
|
André Breton |
Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members.
Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many...
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| Guillaume Apollinaire | |||||
| Tristan Tzara | |||||
| Octavio Paz | |||||
| Yumeno Kyusaku | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Kailyard school | Samuel Rutherford Crockett |
The Kailyard school of Scottish fiction came into being at the end of the nineteenth century as a reaction against what was seen as increasingly coarse writing representing Scottish life complete with all its blemishes. It has been seen as being an...
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| Ian Maclaren | |||||
| J. M. Barrie | |||||
| George MacDonald | |||||
| John Joy Bell | |||||
| x Scottish Renaissance |
|
Hugh MacDiarmid |
The Scottish Renaissance was a mainly literary movement of the early to mid 20th century that can be seen as the Scottish version of modernism. It is sometimes referred to as the Scottish literary renaissance, although its influence went beyond...
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| George Douglas Brown | |||||
| Lewis Grassic Gibbon | |||||
| Neil M. Gunn | |||||
| x Weimar Classicism |
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Johann Wolfgang Goethe |
Weimar Classicism (German “Weimarer Klassik” and “Weimarer Klassizismus”) is a cultural and literary movement of Europe, and its central ideas were originally propounded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller...
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| Friedrich Schiller | |||||
| x Sturm und Drang |
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Johann Wolfgang Goethe |
Sturm und Drang (the conventional translation is "Storm and Stress"; a more literal translation, however, might be storm and urge, storm and longing, storm and drive or storm and impulse) is the name of a movement in German literature and music...
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| Friedrich Schiller | |||||
| x Cyberpunk |
|
Bruce Sterling |
Cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on "high tech and low life". The name is a portmanteau of cybernetics and punk and was originally coined by Bruce Bethke as the title of his short story "Cyberpunk", published in 1983. It...
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| Neal Stephenson | |||||
| William Gibson | |||||
| George Alec Effinger | |||||
| John Shirley | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x German Romanticism |
|
Ernst Moritz Arndt |
For the general context, see Romanticism.
In the philosophy, art, and culture of German-speaking countries, German Romanticism was the dominant movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. German Romanticism developed relatively late compared...
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| Heinrich Heine | |||||
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel | |||||
| E.T.A. Hoffmann | |||||
| Friedrich Hölderlin | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Annales School |
The Annales School (pronounced [aˈnal(ə)] in French) is a style of historiography developed by French historians in the 20th century. It is named after its French-language scholarly journal Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, which remains the...
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| x Technology |
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Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects an animal species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. Technology is a term with origins in the Greek ...
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| x Alarmism |
Alarmism is the production of needless warnings. The term is usually used to express disapproval or to dismiss the warnings. Any issue might be presented as alarmist, the following are some examples:
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| x New Wave | Harlan Ellison |
New Wave is a term applied to science fiction writing characterized by a high degree of experimentation, both in form and in content, and a highbrow and self-consciously "literary" or artistic sensibility. The term "New Wave" is borrowed from film...
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| M. John Harrison | |||||
| Thomas M. Disch | |||||
| Samuel R. Delany | |||||
| J. G. Ballard | |||||
| more ▼ | |||||
| x Lyric poetry |
|
Sara Teasdale |
Lyric poetry refers to a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings. It may or may not be set to music. Aristotle, in Poetics, contrasted lyric poetry with drama and epic poetry. An example would be a poem that expresses feelings and may be...
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| x Steampunk |
|
Tim Powers |
Steampunk is a sub-genre of fantasy and speculative fiction that came into prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s. The term denotes works set in an era or world where steam power is still widely used—usually the 19th century, and often Victorian...
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| James Blaylock | |||||
| K. W. Jeter | |||||
| William Gibson | |||||
| x Science and technology studies | Bruno Latour |
Science and technology studies (STS) is the study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these in turn affect society, politics, and culture. STS scholars are interested in a...
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| x Gothic fiction |
|
Sheridan Le Fanu |
Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. As a genre, it is generally believed to have been invented by the English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel...
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| x Transgressional fiction | James Robert Baker |
Transgressive fiction is a genre of literature that focuses on characters who feel confined by the norms and expectations of society and who use unusual and/or illicit ways to break free of those confines. Because they are rebelling against the...
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| Charles Bukowski | |||||
| Bret Easton Ellis | |||||
| x Young Ireland |
|
Thomas Osborne Davis |
Young Ireland (Irish: Éire Óg) was a political, cultural and social movement, which was to revolutionise the way that Irish nationalism was perceived as a political force in Irish society. From its beginnings in the late 1830s, its influence was to...
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