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A language used to give instructions to a computer.
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| x name | x image | x Parent Language | x Language Paradigms | x Introduced | x article |
| x C++ |
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C | Object-oriented programming | 1983 |
C++ (pronounced "See plus plus") is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language...
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| Generic programming | |||||
| Multi-paradigm programming language | |||||
| Procedural programming | |||||
| x C |
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Procedural programming | 1972 |
C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system.
Although C was designed for implementing system software, it is also widely used for...
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| Imperative programming | |||||
| Structured programming | |||||
| x Forth |
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Stack-oriented programming language | 1970 |
Forth is a structured, imperative, reflective, stack-based computer programming language and programming environment. Forth is sometimes spelled in all capital letters following the customary usage during its earlier years, although the name is not...
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| Concatenative programming language | |||||
| x APL |
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Mathematics | 1964 |
APL (named after the book A Programming Language) is an interactive array-oriented language and integrated development environment which is available from a number of commercial and non-commercial vendors and for most computer platforms. It is based...
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| Combinatory logic | |||||
| Array programming | |||||
| Functional programming | |||||
| Operator | |||||
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| x CLU | Object-oriented programming | 1974 |
CLU is a programming language created at MIT by Barbara Liskov and her students between 1974 and 1975. It was notable for its use of constructors for abstract data types that included the code that operated on them, a key step in the direction of...
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| Procedural programming | |||||
| Multi-paradigm programming language | |||||
| x ALGOL | Imperative programming | 1958 |
ALGOL (short for ALGOrithmic Language) is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in the mid 1950s which greatly influenced many other languages and became the de facto way algorithms were described in textbooks...
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| Procedural programming | |||||
| Structured programming | |||||
| x Simula | Object-oriented programming | 1967 |
Simula is a name for two programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard. Syntactically, it is a fairly faithful superset of Algol 60.
Simula 67...
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| x Smalltalk |
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Object-oriented programming |
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis." It was designed and created in part for...
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| x Objective-C | C | Object-oriented programming | 1986 |
Objective-C is a reflective, object-oriented programming language, which adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language.
Today it is used primarily on Apple's Mac OS X and iPhone OS: two environments based on, although not compliant...
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| x Eiffel |
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Design by contract | 1986 |
Eiffel is an ISO-standardized, object-oriented programming language designed to enable programmers to develop extensible, reusable, reliable software efficiently. Eiffel is used in academia as a language for teaching computer-programming principles....
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| Object-oriented programming | |||||
| x PHP |
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Interpreted language | 1995 |
Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by...
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| Object-oriented programming | |||||
| x J# | Object-oriented programming | 2002 |
The J# (pronounced 'jay-sharp') programming language is a transitional language for programmers of Sun's Java and Microsoft's Visual J++ languages, so they may use their existing knowledge and applications on Microsoft's .NET platform. J# can work...
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| x C# | Component-oriented programming | 2001 |
C# (pronounced "see sharp") is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing imperative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. It was developed by Microsoft within the .NET...
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| Imperative programming | |||||
| Object-oriented programming | |||||
| Structured programming | |||||
| Functional programming | |||||
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| x ALGOL 68 |
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ALGOL | Imperative programming |
ALGOL 68 (short for ALGOrithmic Language 1968) is an imperative computer programming language that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously...
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| Multi-paradigm programming language | |||||
| Parallel computing | |||||
| x ALGOL 60 | ALGOL | ||||
| x ALGOL 58 | ALGOL | Procedural programming | 1958 |
ALGOL 58, originally known as IAL, is one of the family of ALGOL computer programming languages. It was an early compromise design soon superseded by ALGOL 60. According to John Backus
"The Zurich ACM-GAMM Conference had two principal motives in...
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| Structured programming | |||||
| Imperative programming | |||||
| x ALGOL W | ALGOL |
ALGOL-W is a programming language. It was based on a proposal for ALGOL-X by Niklaus Wirth and Tony Hoare as a successor to ALGOL 60 in the IFIP Working Group 2.1. When the committee decided that the proposal was not a sufficient advance over ALGOL...
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| x Elliott ALGOL | ALGOL |
Elliott ALGOL (also known simply as Extended ALGOL) was the Burroughs-specific extension of the ALGOL 60 programming language designed system and application programming in Burroughs large systems.
Elliott ALGOL was used to write the ESPOL compiler...
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| x Dartmouth ALGOL 30 | ALGOL |
Dartmouth ALGOL 30 was an implementation, firstly of ALGOL 58, then of ALGOL 60 for the LGP-30 at Dartmouth College, hence the name.
Since the limited size of the LGP-30 precluded a full implementation of ALGOL 60, certain of its features (arrays...
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| x Pascal |
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Imperative programming | 1970 |
Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968/9 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and...
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| Structured programming | |||||
| x Oberon |
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Object-oriented programming | 1986 |
Oberon is a programming language created in 1986 by Professor Niklaus Wirth (creator of the Pascal, Modula, and Modula-2 programming languages) and his associates at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. It was developed as part of the implementation of the...
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| Reflective programming | |||||
| x Modula-2 | Imperative programming | 1978 |
Modula-2 is a computer programming language invented by Niklaus Wirth at ETH, around 1978, as a successor to his intermediate language Modula. Modula-2 was implemented in 1980 for the Lilith computer, which was commercialized in 1982 by startup...
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| Structured programming | |||||
| Modular Programming | |||||
| x Modula | Modular Programming |
The Modula programming language is a descendent of the Pascal programming language. It was developed in Switzerland in the late 1970s by Niklaus Wirth, the same individual who designed Pascal. The main innovation of Modula over Pascal is a module...
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| x Object Pascal |
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Object-oriented programming |
Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Delphi. Pascal compilers, including those for Object Pascal, generally run very fast while producing highly optimized code...
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| Structured programming | |||||
| Imperative programming | |||||
| Functional programming | |||||
| x Oxygene |
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Object Pascal | Object-oriented programming |
Oxygene (formerly known as Chrome) is a programming language developed by RemObjects Software for the Common Language Infrastructure. Oxygene is Object Pascal-based. Compared to the now deprecated Delphi.NET, Oxygene does not emphasize total...
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| x UCSD Pascal | Pascal |
UCSD Pascal was a Pascal language system that ran on the UCSD p-System portable, highly machine-independent operating system. The University of California, San Diego Institute for Information Systems developed it in 1978 to provide students with a...
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| x Turbo Pascal |
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Pascal | Object-oriented programming |
Turbo Pascal is a software development system that includes a compiler and an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for the Pascal programming language running under CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS, developed by Borland under Philippe Kahn's leadership...
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| Object Pascal | |||||
| x Mesa | Modular Programming |
Mesa was an innovative programming language developed at Xerox PARC in the late 1970s . The language was named after the mesas of the American Southwest, referring to its design intent to be a "high-level" programming language.
Mesa is an ALGOL-like...
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| x Zonnon | Concurrent computing |
Zonnon is a general purpose programming language in the Pascal, Modula-2 and Oberon family. Its conceptual model is based on objects, definitions, implementations and modules. Its computing model is concurrent, based on active objects which interact...
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| x Ada |
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Multi-paradigm programming language | 1983 |
Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, wide-spectrum, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages. It was originally designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull...
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| x Objective Modula-2 |
Objective Modula-2 (or ObjM2) is an extension to Modula-2 which follows the Objective-C object model and retains the bracketed Smalltalk message passing syntax introduced in Objective-C. Like Objective-C, Objective Modula-2 is a reflective, object...
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| x Modula-3 | Object-oriented programming |
In Computer science, Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2. While it has been influential in research circles (influencing the designs of languages such as Java, C#, and Python) it has not...
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| Structured programming | |||||
| Imperative programming | |||||
| x ISO | Modula-2 | ||||
| x PIM4 | Modula-2 | ||||
| x PIM3 | Modula-2 | ||||
| x PIM2 | Modula-2 | ||||
| x Cedar | |||||
| x *Lisp | Common Lisp | Parallel computing | 1986 |
The *Lisp (aka StarLisp) programming language was conceived of in 1985 by Cliff Lasser and Steve Omohundro (employees of the Thinking Machines Corporation) as a way of providing an efficient yet high-level language for programming the nascent...
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| Lisp | |||||
| x Lisp |
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Lambda calculus | Functional programming | 1958 |
Lisp (or LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized syntax. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today; only...
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| Object-oriented programming | |||||
| Procedural programming | |||||
| Interpreted language | |||||
| Mathematics | |||||
| x Common Lisp | Lisp | Multi-paradigm programming language |
Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (R2004), (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999)). From the ANSI Common Lisp standard the Common Lisp HyperSpec has...
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| Procedural programming | |||||
| Object-oriented programming | |||||
| Functional programming | |||||
| x Scheme | Lisp | Functional programming | 1975 |
Scheme is one of the two main dialects of the programming language Lisp. Unlike Common Lisp, the other main dialect, Scheme follows a minimalist design philosophy specifying a small standard core with powerful tools for language extension. Its...
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| Interpreted language | |||||
| Multi-paradigm programming language | |||||
| Procedural programming | |||||
| x Emacs Lisp | Lisp | Functional programming |
Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used by the GNU Emacs and XEmacs text editors (which this article will refer to collectively as "Emacs"). It is used for implementing most of the editing functionality built into Emacs, the...
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| x Dylan |
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Object-oriented programming |
The Dylan programming language is a multi-paradigm language that includes support for functional and object-oriented programming, and is dynamic and reflective while providing a programming model designed to support efficient machine code generation...
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| Reflective programming | |||||
| Dynamic programming language | |||||
| Functional programming | |||||
| Multi-paradigm programming language | |||||
| x CLOS | Object-oriented programming |
The Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) is the facility for object-oriented programming which is part of ANSI Common Lisp. CLOS is a dynamic object system which differs radically from the OOP facilities found in more static languages such as C++ or...
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| x Logo |
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Lisp | Functional programming | 1967 |
LOGO (an acronym for Logic Oriented Graphic Oriented) is a computer programming language used for functional programming. It is an adaptation and dialect of the Lisp language; some have called it Lisp without the parentheses. Today, it is known...
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| Educational programming language | |||||
| Procedural programming | |||||
| Multi-paradigm programming language | |||||
| x Fortran |
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Procedural programming | Apr 1957 |
Fortran (previously FORTRAN) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering...
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| Imperative programming | |||||
| Object-oriented programming | |||||
| Structured programming | |||||
| x PL/I | Structured programming | 1964 |
PL/I ("Programming Language One", pronounced /ˌpiːˌɛlˈwʌn/, PEE-EL-WUN) is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications. It has been used by various academic, commercial and...
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| Imperative programming | |||||
| x FORTRAN II | Fortran | ||||
| x FORTRAN III | Fortran | ||||
| x FORTRAN IV | Fortran | ||||
| x FORTRAN 66 | Fortran | ||||
| x FORTRAN 77 | Fortran | ||||
| x FORTRAN 90 | Fortran | ||||
| x FORTRAN 95 | Fortran | ||||
| x Fortran 2003 | Fortran | ||||
| x Fortran 2008 | Fortran | ||||
| x PL/M | PL/I |
The PL/M programming language (an acronym of Programming Language for Microcomputers) is a high-level language developed by Gary Kildall in 1972 for Intel for its microprocessors.
The language incorporated ideas from PL/I, ALGOL and XPL, and had an...
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| x EPL | PL/I | ||||
| x XPL | PL/I |
XPL is a dialect of the PL/I programming language, developed in 1967, used for the development of compilers for computer languages. It was designed and implemented by a team with William McKeeman, James J. Horning, and David B. Wortman at Stanford...
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| x PL/S | PL/I |
PL/S, short for Programming Language/Systems, is a "machine-oriented" programming language based on PL/I. It was developed by IBM in the late 1960s as a replacement for assembly language on internal software projects; it included support for inline...
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