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Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Persian Empire (550–330 BCE) was the successor state of the Median Empire, ruling over significant portions of what would become Greater Iran. The Persian and the Median Empire taken together are also known as the Medo-Persian Empire, succeeding the Neo-Assyrian Empire. It...
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Battle of Marathon
The Battle of Marathon (Greek: Μάχη τοῡ Μαραθῶνος, Māche tou Marathōnos) took place in 490 BC during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between the citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and...
Battle of Salamis
The Battle of Salamis (Ancient Greek : Ναυμαχία τῆς Σαλαμῖνος), was a naval battle fought between an Alliance of Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia in September 480 BC in the straits between the mainland and Salamis, an island in...
Battle of Cunaxa
The Battle of Cunaxa was fought in 401 BC between Cyrus the Younger and his elder brother Arsaces, who had inherited the Persian throne as Artaxerxes II in 404 BC. The great battle of the revolt of Cyrus took place 70 km north of Babylon, at Cunaxa,...
Battle of Thermopylae
The Battle of Thermopylae (pronounced /θərˈmɒpɨliː/, thər-MOP-i-lee; Greek: Θερμοπύλαι) took place over three days during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Artemisium, in August or September...
Battle of Issus
The Battle of Issus (or the Battle at Issus) occurred in southern Anatolia, in November 333 BC. The invading troops, led by the young Alexander of Macedonia, defeated the army personally led by Darius III of Achaemenid Persia in the second great...
Battle of Mycale
The Battle of Mycale (Ancient Greek: Μάχη τῆς Μυκάλης; Machē tēs Mykalēs) was one of the two major battles that ended the second Persian invasion of Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars. It took place on or about August 27, 479 BC on the slopes of...
Battle of Gaugamela
The Battle of Gaugamela (pronounced /ˌɡɔːɡəˈmiːlə/) (Γαυγάμηλα) took place in 331 BC between Alexander the Great of Macedonia and Darius III of Achaemenid Persia. The battle, which is also called the Battle of Arbela, resulted in a massive victory...
Ionian Revolt
The Ionian Revolt, and associated revolts in Aeolis, Doris, Cyprus and Caria, were military rebellions by several regions of Asia Minor against Persian rule, lasting from 499 to 493 BC. At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the...
Greco-Persian Wars
The Greco-Persian Wars (also often called the Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and city-states of the Hellenic world that started in 499 BC and lasted until 450 BC. The collision between the fractious...
Battle of Artemisium
The Battle of Artemisium was a series of naval engagements over three days during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The battle took place simultaneously with the more famous land battle at Thermopylae, in August or September 480 BC, off the...
Battle of Plataea
The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place in 479 BC near the city of Plataea in Boeotia, and was fought between an alliance of the Greek city-states, including Sparta, Athens, Corinth...
Battle of Lade
The Battle of Lade was a naval battle which occurred during the Ionian Revolt, in 494 BC. It was fought between an alliance of the Ionian cities (joined by the Lesbians) and the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, and resulted in a decisive victory...
Battle of Salamis in Cyprus
The Battle of Salamis took place around 450 BC, near Salamis in Cyprus.
In 454 BC, the Athenian-led Delian League lost a fleet in an unsuccessful attempt to aid an Egyptian revolt against Persia. Over the next three years, Athens also failed to...
Battle of Thymbra
The Battle of Thymbra was the decisive battle in the war between Croesus of the Lydian Empire against Cyrus the Great in the first months of 547 BC. Cyrus, having pursued Croesus into Lydia following the drawn Battle of Pteria, met the remains of...
Battle of Pteria
At the Battle of Pteria in 547 BC, the Persian forces of Cyrus the Great fought a drawn battle with the invading Lydian forces of Croesus, forcing Croesus to withdraw back west into his own kingdom.
Formerly, the Lydians and Medes had arranged that...
Battle of Cnidus
The Battle of Cnidus (394 BC), was a joint Athenian and Persian operation against the Spartan naval fleet in the Corinthian War. A combined Athenian-Persian fleet, led by the former Greek admiral Conon, destroyed the Spartan fleet led by the...
Battle of the Granicus
The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire. Fought in Northwestern Asia Minor, near the site of Troy, it was here where Alexander defeated the forces...
Siege of Tyre
The Siege of Tyre was a siege of the city of Tyre, a strategic coastal base on the Mediterranean Sea, orchestrated by Alexander the Great in 332 BC during his campaigns against the Persians. The Macedonian army was unable to capture the city through...
Battle of Ephesus
The Battle of Ephesus (498 BC) was a battle in the Ionian Revolt. It saw the satrap Artaphernes defeating the forces of the Ionian rebels in revenge for the sacking of Sardis.
The Ionian Greeks, subjected to the mighty Persian Empire at the time,...
Siege of Naxos
The Siege of Naxos (499 BC) was a failed attempt by the Milesian tyrant Aristagoras, operating with support from, and in the name of the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, to conquer the island of Naxos. It was the opening act of the Greco-Persian...
Siege of Eretria
The Siege of Eretria took place in 490 BC, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. The city of Eretria, on Euboea, was besieged by a strong Persian force under the the command of Datis and Artaphernes.
The first Persian invasion was a response...
Siege of Sardis
The Siege of Sardis (498 BC), was fought between the people of Sardis and an alliance of Greeks from Ionia, Athens, and Eretria. The Greeks were under the command of Aristagoras of Miletos and Eualcides of Eretria. The Siege of Sardis was part of...
Battle of the Persian Gate
The Battle of the Persian Gate was fought at the Persian Gate northeast of today's Yasuj in Iran between a Persian army led by Ariobarzanes and the invading Macedonian army of Alexander the Great. In the winter of 330 BC, Ariobarzanes led a last...
Siege of Prosoptis
The Siege of Prosoptis was a part of the Greco-Persian Wars.
After Greek successes in previous battles the Libyan king that was helping the Egyptians to revolt against Persia invited the Athenian-led Delian League, which was campaigning in Cyprus...
Siege of Gaza
During the Siege of Gaza, Alexander the Great, by utilizing the engines he had employed against Tyre, succeeded in reaching the walls. After three unsuccessful assaults, the stronghold was taken by storm. During the siege Alexander received a...
Siege of Sardis
In the Siege of Sardis (547 BC), the last decisive conflict after the Battle of Thymbra, which was fought between the forces of Croesus of Lydia and Cyrus the Great, Cyrus followed Croesus to his city. He laid siege to it for 14 days, and then...
Battle of Opis
The Battle of Opis, fought in September 539 BC, was a major engagement between the armies of Persia under Cyrus the Great and the Neo-Babylonian Empire under Nabonidus during the Persian invasion of Mesopotamia. At the time, Babylonia was the last...
Siege of Byzantium
The Siege of Byzantium was the last major effort of the Persian Empire to retain control of Greece. A campaign was fought by the Hellenic League under command of the Spartan regent Pausanius, in which the Persians were compelled to surrender,...
Battle of Pelusium
The Battle of Pelusium, was the first great showdown between the Achaemenid Empire, and Egypt. This was a decisive battle which transferred the throne of the Pharaohs to Cambyses II of Persia, king of the Persians. It was fought near Pelusium in 525...
Battle of the Eurymedon River
The Battle of the Eurymedon was a double battle, taking place both on water and land, between the Delian League of Athens and her Allies, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I. It took place in either 469 or 466 BC, in the vicinity of the mouth of the...
Siege of Eion
The Siege of Eion was a siege that resulted in the capturing of Eion by the Delian League. The siege was the first recorded action of the Delian League. Eion was occupied by the Persians in 476 BC in the aftermath of the Greco-Persian Wars. It was...
First Persian invasion of Greece
The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Greco-Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian...
Second Persian invasion of Greece
The second Persian invasion of Greece (480-479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece. The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of...
Siege of Halicarnassus
The Siege of Halicarnassus was fought between Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 334 BC. Alexander, who had no navy, was constantly being threatened by the Persian navy. It continuously attempted to provoke an engagement with...
Siege of Miletus
The Siege of Miletus was Alexander the Great's first naval encouter with the Achaemenid Empire. This minor siege was directed against the inhabitants of Miletus, a city in southern Ionia, in Caria. Which is now located in the Anatolia province of...
Wars of the Delian League
The Wars of the Delian League (477–449 BC) were a series of campaigns fought between the Delian League of Athens and her allies (and later subjects), and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. These conflicts represent a continuation of the Greco-Persian...
Wars of Alexander the Great
The Wars of Alexander the Great were fought by King Alexander III of Macedon ("The Great"), first against the Achaemenid Persian Empire, under its "King of Kings" Darius III, and then against local chieftains and warlords as far east as Punjab,...
Battle of the Hydaspes River
The Battle of the Hydaspes River was fought by Alexander the Great in 326 BC against the king Porus (Pururava in Sanskrit) on the banks of Hydaspes River (the Jhelum) in the Punjab region of ancient India, near Bhera now in Pakistan. The kingdom of...
Battle of Krtsanisi
The Battle of Krtsanisi was fought between Persian and Georgian armies at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of the war intended by the Persian ruler Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar as a reprisal...
Lazic War
The Lazic War also known as the Great War of Egrisi (Georgian: ეგრისის დიდი ომი, Egrisis Didi Omi) in Georgian historiography and the Colchian War, was fought between the Byzantine and Sassanid Empire for controlling the region of Lazica locally...
Battle of Nihawānd
The Battle of Nahāvand (also Nihāvand or Nahāwand) (Arabic:معركة نهاوند) Battle of Nahāwand was fought in 642 between Arab Muslims and Sassanid armies. The battle is known to Muslims, as the "Victory of Victories." The History of Tabari mentions...
Russo-Persian War
Russo-Persian War, 1722-1723, known in Russian historiography as the Persian campaign of Peter the Great, was a war between Russia and Persia (Iran), triggered by the tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and South Caucasus...
Battle of Walaja
The Battle of Walaja was a battle fought in Mesopotamia (Iraq) in May 633 between the Rashidun Caliphate army under Khalid ibn al-Walid and the Persian Empire and its Arab allies. In this battle the Persian army is said to have been at least three...
Battle of Faraz
The Battle of Firaz was the last battle of the Muslim Arab commander Khalid ibn al-Walid in Mesopotamia (Iraq) against the combined forces of the Byzantine Roman Empire, Sassanid Persian Empire, and Christian Arabs. Khalid's force consisted of 15...
Battle of Ullais
The Battle of Ullais was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanid Persian Empire in the middle of May 633 A.D in Iraq, and is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Blood River since, as a result of the battle, there were...
Battle of Al-Anbar
The Muslim Arab army was under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid and the battle took place at Anbar which is located approximately 80 miles from the ancient city of Babylon. Khalid besieged the Sassanian Persians in the city fortress, which had...
Siege of Citium
The Siege of Citium (Kition) was a joint naval and land battle fought between the Athenian-led Delian League and the Persian Empire. Commander Cimon unsuccessfully battled in Citium in an attempt to weaken Persia's grasp on Cyprus. However, the...
Anastasian War
The Anastasian War was fought from 502 to 506 between the Eastern Roman and Sassanid Empire. It was the fist major conflict between the two powers since 440, and would be the prelude to a long series of destructive conflicts between the two empires...
Battle of Aegospotami
The naval Battle of Aegospotami (pronounced "ē-gə-ˈspä-tə-ˌmī") took place in 405 BC and was the last major battle of the Peloponnesian War. In the battle, a Spartan fleet under Lysander completely destroyed the Athenian navy. This effectively ended...
