Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (1970) is a treatise written by Albert O. Hirschman. The work hinges on a conceptual ultimatum that confronts consumers in the face of deteriorating quality of goods: either “exit” or “voice”.
In many regards, the treatise is a polemical piece; Hirschman uses his analysis of “exit” and “voice” in order to strike at the foundational assumptions of liberalism as supported by Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman.
The basic co...
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Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (1970) is a treatise written by Albert O. Hirschman. The work hinges on a conceptual ultimatum that confronts consumers in the face of deteriorating quality of goods: either “exit” or “voice”.
In many regards, the treatise is a polemical piece; Hirschman uses his analysis of “exit” and “voice” in order to strike at the foundational assumptions of liberalism as supported by Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman.
The basic concept is as follows: members of an organization, whether a business, a nation or any other form of human grouping, have essentially two possible responses when they perceive that the organization is demonstrating a decrease in quality or benefit to the member: they can exit (withdraw from the relationship); or, they can voice (attempt to repair or improve the relationship through communication of the complaint, grievance or proposal for change). For example, the citizens of a country may respond to increasing political repression in two ways:...
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