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Female
Female (♀) is the sex of an organism, or a part of an organism, which produces ova (egg cells). The ova are defined as the larger gametes in a heterogamous reproduction system, while the smaller, usually motile gamete, the spermatozoon, is produced by the male. A female individual cannot reproduce...
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Arthritis
Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions involving damage to the joints of the body.
There are over 100 different forms of arthritis. The most common form, osteoarthritis (degenerative...
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Goitre
A goitre (BrE), or goiter (AmE) (Latin gutteria, struma), also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the thyroid gland, which can lead to a swelling of the neck or larynx (voice box). Goitre usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not functioning...
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Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia gravis (from Greek μύς "muscle", ἀσθένεια "weakness", and Latin gravis "serious"; abbreviated MG) is a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatiguability. It is an autoimmune disorder, in which weakness is...
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease of bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered....
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- Teriparatide ,
- Selective estrogen receptor modulator ,
- Hormone replacement therapy ,
- Strontium ranelate
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Pelvic inflammatory disease
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an acute or chronic inflammation in the pelvic cavity. It is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted diseases, including chlamydia and gonorrhea, that have ascended into the uterus, fallopian tubes, or...
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Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks the joints producing an inflammatory synovitis that often progresses to destruction of the articular cartilage...
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Urinary tract infection
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract. The main causitive agent is:Escherichia coli. Although urine contains a variety of fluids, salts, and waste products, it usually does not have...
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Varicose veins
Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and tortuous. The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg, although varicose veins can occur elsewhere. Veins have leaflet valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards (retrograde). Leg...
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Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis (pronounced /sɪˈroʊsɪs/, si-ROH-sis) is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous scar tissue as well as regenerative nodules (lumps that occur as a result of a process in which damaged...
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Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (abbreviated MS, also known as disseminated sclerosis or encephalomyelitis disseminata) is an idiopathic disease of suspected autoimmune cause, in which the body's immune response attacks a person's central nervous system (brain...
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also called Alzheimer disease, Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (SDAT) or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of dementia. This incurable, degenerative, and terminal disease was first described by German...
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Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is the most common name given to a variably debilitating disorder or disorders generally defined by persistent fatigue unrelated to exertion and not substantially relieved by rest, and accompanied by the presence of...
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- Behavioral Insomnia Therapy With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ,
- The Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Ampligen in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ,
- Valganciclovir (Valcyte) for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients Who Have Elevated Antibody Titers Against Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6)and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
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Graves-Basedow disease
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease. It most commonly affects the thyroid, frequently causing it to enlarge to twice its size or more (goiter), become overactive, with related hyperthyroid symptoms such as increased heartbeat, muscle weakness,...
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Polycystic ovary syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects approximately 5% of all women. It occurs amongst all races and nationalities, is the most common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age, and is a leading cause of...
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Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), or median neuropathy at the wrist, is a medical condition in which the median nerve is compressed at the wrist, leading to paresthesias, numbness and muscle weakness in the hand. Night symptoms and waking at night is a...
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Rett syndrome
Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is classified as an autism spectrum disorder by the DSM-IV. It was first described by Austrian pediatrician Andreas Rett in 1966. The clinical features include a deceleration of the rate of head...
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Eczema
Eczema is a disease in a form of dermatitis, or inflammation of the epidermis. The term eczema is broadly applied to a range of persistent skin conditions. These include dryness and recurring skin rashes that are characterized by one or more of...
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is the disease state in humans and in animals caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Cretinism is a form of hypothyroidism found in infants.
About three percent of the general population is...
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Seasonal affective disorder
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), also known as winter depression or winter blues, is a mood disorder in which people who have normal mental health throughout most of the year experience depressive symptoms in the winter or, less frequently, in the...
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Acne vulgaris
Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is a common skin condition, caused by changes in pilosebaceous units, skin structures consisting of a hair follicle and its associated sebaceous gland, via androgen stimulation. It is characterized by...
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Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's syndrome (also called hyperadrenocorticism or hypercorticism) is a hormone (endocrine) disorder caused by high levels of cortisol (hypercortisolism) in the blood. This can be caused by taking glucocorticoid drugs, or by tumors that produce...
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Hirsutism
Hirsutism (from Latin hirsutus = shaggy, hairy) is excessive and increased hair growth on female humans in locations where the occurrence of terminal hair normally is minimal or absent. For example, a beard, or chest hair. It refers to a male...
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Scoliosis
Scoliosis (from Greek: skolíōsis meaning "crooked") is a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side, shaped like an "s", and may also be rotated. To adults it can be very painful. It is an abnormal lateral curvature of...
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- Back brace ,
- Physical exercise ,
- Electrical muscle stimulation ,
- Minimally Invasive Thorasic Spinal Fusion
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Thyroid cancer
Thyroid neoplasm or thyroid cancer usually refers to any of four kinds of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland: papillary, follicular, medullary or anaplastic. Most patients are 25 to 65 years of age when first diagnosed; women are more affected...
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Spina bifida
Spina bifida (Latin: "split spine") is a developmental birth defect caused by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube. Some vertebrae overlying the spinal cord are not fully formed and remain unfused and open. If the opening is large...
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Irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder. Also called spastic colon, it is a functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits in the absence of...
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Restless legs syndrome
Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Wittmaack-Ekbom's syndrome, is a condition that is characterized by an irresistible urge to move one's body to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations. It most commonly affects the legs, but can also affect...
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Trigger finger
Trigger finger, trigger thumb, or trigger digit, is a common disorder of later adulthood characterized by catching, snapping or locking of the involved finger flexor tendon, associated with dysfunction and pain. A disparity in size between the...
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Gallstone
In medicine, gallstones (choleliths) are crystalline bodies formed within the body by accretion or concretion of normal or abnormal bile components.
Gallstones can occur anywhere within the biliary tree, including the gallbladder and the common bile...
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Nephritis
Nephritis is inflammation of the kidney. The word comes from the Greek nephro- meaning "of the kidney" and -itis meaning "inflammation". Nephritis is often caused by infections, toxins, and auto-immune diseases.
Nephritis is the most common cause of...
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Trigeminal neuralgia
See also: Atypical trigeminal neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), "The Suicide Disease" or tic douloureux (also known as prosopalgia) is a neuropathic disorder of one or both of the facial trigeminal nerves. It causes episodes of intense pain in...
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Somatization disorder
Somatization disorder (also Briquet's disorder or, in antiquity, hysteria) is a psychiatric diagnosis applied to patients who chronically and persistently complain of varied physical symptoms that have no identifiable physical origin. One common...
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Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is a cancerous growth arising from different parts of the ovary.
The most common form of ovarian cancer (≥80%) arises from the outer lining (epithelium) of the ovary.. However, recent evidence shows cells that line the Fallopian tube ...
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Bartholin's cyst
A Bartholin's cyst is formed when a Bartholin's gland is blocked, causing a fluid-filled cyst to develop. A Bartholin's cyst is not an infection, although it can be caused by an infection, inflammation, or physical blockage (mucus or other...
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Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA, also known as degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease), is a group of diseases and mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and the subchondral bone next to it. Clinical...
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Kyphosis
A condition where the back is hunched due to abnormal convex curvature of the upper spine.
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Rhinitis
Rhinitis (pronounced /raɪˈnaɪtɪs/), commonly known as a runny nose, is the medical term describing irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the nose. The primary symptom of rhinitis is nasal dripping. It is caused by chronic or acute...
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Hidradenitis suppurativa
Hidradenitis suppurativa or HS is a skin disease that affects areas bearing apocrine sweat glands and hair follicles; such as the underarms, groin and buttocks. It is more commonly found in women and can be present under the breasts.
The disease...
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Iron deficiency anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is the common type of anemia, and is also known as sideropenic anemia. It is the most common cause of microcytic anemia.
Iron deficiency anemia occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient, and...
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Cystitis
Cystitis is inflammation of the urinary bladder. The condition more often affects women, but can affect either sex and all age groups.
There are several types of cystitis:
Cystitis occurs when the normally sterile lower urinary tract (urethra and...
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Plantar fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis is a painful non-inflammatory degenerative condition of the foot. The plantar fascia is a thick fibrous band of tissue originating on the bottom surface of the calcaneus (heel bone) and extending along the sole of the foot towards...
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Conversion disorder
Conversion disorder is a condition where patients present with neurological symptoms such as numbness, paralysis, or fits, but where no neurological explanation can be found. It is thought that these problems arise in response to difficulties in the...
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Ureterocele
A ureterocele is a congenital abnormality found in the urinary bladder. In this condition called ureteroceles, the distal ureter balloons at its opening into the bladder, forming a sac-like pouch. It is most often associated with a double collector...
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Lichen planus
Lichen planus is a chronic mucocutaneous disease that affects the skin and the oral mucosa, and presents itself in the form of papules, lesions or rashes. Lichen planus does not involve lichens; the name refers to the appearance of affected skin....
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Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis (DM) is a connective-tissue disease related to polymyositis (PM) that is characterized by inflammation of the muscles and the skin.
The cause is unknown, but it may result from either a viral infection or an autoimmune reaction. Some...
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Frozen shoulder
Frozen shoulder, medically referred to as adhesive capsulitis, is a disorder in which the shoulder capsule, the connective tissue surrounding the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, becomes inflamed and stiff, and grows together with abnormal bands...
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Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis is an ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney (nephros in Greek). If the infection is severe, the term "urosepsis" is used interchangeably (sepsis being a systemic inflammatory response...
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Urethral syndrome
Urethral syndrome is defined as symptoms suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection but in the absence of significant bacteruria with a conventional pathogen. There are other non-infective causes that should be considered such as trauma,...
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Aphthous ulcer
An aphthous ulcer, also known as a canker sore, is a type of oral ulcer, which presents as a painful open sore inside the mouth or upper throat (including the uvula) caused by a break in the mucous membrane. The condition is also known as aphthous...
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Polymyalgia rheumatica
Polymyalgia rheumatica (meaning "pain in many muscles" in Greek), abbreviated as PMR, is an inflammatory condition of the muscles, which causes pain or stiffness, usually in the neck, shoulders, and hips. The pain can be very sudden, or can occur...
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Polymyositis
Polymyositis is a type of chronic inflammatory myopathy related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis. Polymyositis means 'many muscle inflammation'.
Polymyositis tends to become evident in adulthood, presenting with bilateral proximal...
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Dyshidrosis
Dyshidrosis, also termed Dyshidrotic Eczema, Pompholyx, Acute vesiculobullous hand eczema, and Dyshidrotic Dermatitis, is a skin condition that is characterized by small blisters on the hands or feet. It is an acute, chronic, or recurrent dermatosis...
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Pain disorder
Pain disorder is when a patient experiences chronic pain in one or more areas, and is thought to be caused by psychological stress. The pain is often so severe that it disables the patient from proper functioning. It can last as short as a few days,...
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Erythema nodosum
Erythema nodosum (EN) (red nodules) is an inflammation of the fat cells under the skin (panniculitis). It causes tender nodules that are usually seen on both shins. EN is an immunologic response to a variety of different causes.
Erythema nodosum...
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Scleritis
Scleritis is a serious inflammatory disease that affects the white outer coating of the eye, known as the sclera. The disease is often contracted through association with other diseases of the body, such as Wegener's granulomatosis or rheumatoid...
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Polymorphous Light Eruption
Polymorphous light eruption (PLE), or polymorphic light eruption (PMLE), is a skin condition caused by sunlight.
Symptoms include skin irritations, which may be itchy or painful, and are sometimes confused with hives. These irritations appear upon...
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Livedoid vasculitis
Livedo reticularis is a common cutaneous finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears like a lace-like purplish discoloration of the lower extremities. The discoloration is caused by swelling of the small veins (venules)...
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Necrobiosis lipoidica
Necrobiosis lipoidica is a necrotizing skin condition that usually occurs in patients with diabetes but can also be associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis. In such cases it may be called necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD). NLD occurs in...
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Pyogenic granuloma
Pyogenic granuloma (also known as a "Granuloma gravidarum," and "Pregnancy tumor") is a primarily oral disease which appears in the mouth as an overgrowth of tissue to due irritation, physical trauma or hormonal factors. It is often found to involve...
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Anterior cruciate ligament injury
An injury to the anterior cruciate ligament can be a debilitating musculoskeletal injury seen most often in athletes. Non-contact tears and ruptures are the most common causes of ACL injury.
ACL injuries occur when an athlete rapidly decelerates,...
