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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean Jacques Rousseau (Geneva, 28 June 1712 – Ermenonville, 2 July 1778) was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought.
His novel,...
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B. F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, author, inventor, advocate for social reform, and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in...
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Claude Lévi-Strauss (French pronunciation: [klod levi stʁos]; born 28 November 1908) is a French-Jewish anthropologist.
Claude Lévi-Strauss, born in Brussels, grew up in Paris, living in a street of the 16th arrondissement named after the artist...
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Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814) (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːhan ˈgɔtlip ˈfɪçtə]) was a German philosopher. He was one of the founding figures of the philosophical movement known as German idealism, a movement that developed...
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (German pronunciation: [ˈɡeɔʁk ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈheːɡəl]) (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher, one of the creators of German Idealism, and along with Immanuel Kant, one of the most...
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (German pronunciation: [ɪˈmanuɛl kant]; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia). Kant was the last influential philosopher of modern Europe...
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Johann Wolfgang Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfɡaŋ fɔn ˈɡøːtə] ( listen), 28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and polymath. Goethe's works span the fields of poetry, drama, literature, theology, philosophy,...
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John Dewey
John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been very influential. Dewey, along with Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, is recognized as one of the founders...
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Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist and revolutionary, whose ideas are credited as the foundation of modern communism. Marx summarized...
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Leo Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian: Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й (help·info), Russian pronunciation: [lʲɛv nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj]; September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1828 – November 20 [O.S. November 7] 1910), was a Russian writer...
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Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine (February 9, 1737 [O.S. January 29, 1736] – June 8, 1809) was an author, pamphleteer, radical, inventor, intellectual, revolutionary, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Born in England, Paine emigrated to the British...
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Thomas Malthus
Dr. Thomas Robert Malthus FRS (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834), was a British scholar, influential in political economy and demography. Malthus popularised the economic theory of rent.
Malthus has become widely known for his analysis whereby...
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Émile Durkheim
David Émile Durkheim (French pronunciation: [emil dyʁkɛm]) (April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist and pioneer in the development of modern sociology and anthropology. He is considered as the founding father of the French...
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Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx. Together they produced The Communist Manifesto in 1848. Engels also...
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Jacques Derrida
Jacques Derrida (French pronunciation: [ʒak dɛʁida]) (15 July 1930 – 8 October 2004) was a French philosopher born in Algeria, who is known as the founder of deconstruction. His voluminous work had a profound impact upon literary theory and...
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Mikhail Bakunin
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (30 May [O.S. 18 May] 1814 - 1 July 1876) (Russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович Баку́нин) was a well-known Russian revolutionary and theorist of collectivist anarchism.
Born in the Russian Empire to a family of Russian...
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Allan Bloom
Allan David Bloom (14 September 1930 in Indianapolis, Indiana – 7 October 1992 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American philosopher, classicist, and academic. He studied under David Grene, Leo Strauss, Richard McKeon and Alexandre Kojève. He...
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John Rawls
John Bordley Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard. His magnum opus A Theory of Justice ...
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Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte (17 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher, the founder of sociology and sociological positivism.
Comte developed sociologie in an attempt to remedy the social malaise left by the French revolution. The discipline...
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William Hazlitt
William Hazlitt (10 April 1778 – 18 September 1830) was an English writer, remembered for his humanistic essays and literary criticism, and as a grammarian and philosopher. He is now considered one of the great critics and essayists of the English...
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Alexis de Tocqueville
Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (29 July 1805, Paris – 16 April 1859, Cannes) was a French political thinker and historian best known for his Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the...
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Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (December 10, 1804 – February 18, 1851) was a Prussian mathematician, widely considered to be the most inspiring teacher of his time and one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.
He was born of Jewish parentage in...
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Romain Rolland
Romain Rolland (29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915.
Rolland was born in Clamecy, Nièvre to a family of notaries; he had both peasants...
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Alexander Herzen
Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен) (April 6 [O.S. 25 March] 1812 — January 21 [O.S. 9 January] 1870) was a Russian pro-Western writer and thinker known as the "father of Russian socialism", and one of the main fathers of...
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Benedetto Croce
Benedetto Croce (Italian pronunciation: [beneˈdetto ˈkroːtʃe]; February 25, 1866 – November 20, 1952) was an Italian critic, idealist philosopher, and occasionally also a politician. He wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history,...
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Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown-Gilerovich (born 17 January 1881 in Birmingham - died 24 October 1955 in London) was an English social anthropologist who developed the theory of Structural Functionalism, a framework that describes basic concepts...
Robert Walser
Robert Walser (15 April 1878 near Biel/Bienne, Switzerland – 25 December 1956 near Herisau, Switzerland), was a German-speaking Swiss writer.
Walser was born in a family with many children. His brother Karl Walser was a well-known stage designer and...
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Simon Critchley
Simon Critchley (born February 27, 1960) is an English philosopher currently teaching at New York's New School for Social Research. He works in continental philosophy, the history of philosophy, literature, ethics and politics.
Critchley argues that...
Ion Heliade Rădulescu
Ion Heliade Rădulescu or Ion Heliade (also known as Eliad or Eliade Rădulescu; Romanian pronunciation: [ˈi.on heliˈade rəduˈlesku]; January 6, 1802–April 27, 1872) was a Wallachian-born Romanian academic, Romantic and Classicist poet, essayist,...
Maria Montessori
Maria Montessori (August 31, 1870 – May 6, 1952) was an Italian physician, educator, philosopher, humanitarian and devout Catholic; she is best known for her philosophy and the Montessori method of education of children from birth to adolescence....
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Shai Bernstein
Shai Bernstein (September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1895 – November 20 [O.S. September 5] 1949), was a Ukrainian writer–essayist and revolutionary, as well as a communist. While not known in much of the western world, his essays were widely published...
