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René Descartes
René Descartes (French pronunciation: [ʁəne dekaʁt]), (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650), also known as Renatus Cartesius (Latinized form), was a French philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern...
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Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Jean le Rond d'Alembert (16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist and philosopher. He was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclopédie. D'Alembert's method for the wave equation is named after...
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Baruch Spinoza
Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (Hebrew: ברוך שפינוזה, Portuguese: Bento de Espinosa, Latin: Benedictus de Spinoza) (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific...
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal (French pronunciation: [blɛz paskal]), (b. 1623-06-19 in Clermont-Ferrand, France, d. 1662-08-19 in Paris) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a civil...
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Claude Lévi-Strauss (French pronunciation: [klod levi stʁos]; (28 November 1908 – 30 October 2009) was a French anthropologist and ethnologist, and has been called the "father of modern anthropology".
When young, Lévi-Strauss organized expeditions...
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Edmund Husserl
Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (German pronunciation: [ˈhʊsɛʁl]; April 8, 1859, Prostějov, Moravia, Austrian Empire – April 26, 1938, Freiburg, Germany) was a philosopher who is deemed the founder of phenomenology. He broke with the positivist...
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George Berkeley
George Berkeley (pronounced /ˈbɑrkli/) (12 March 1685 – 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley, was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as ...
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (German pronunciation: [ˈgɔtfrit ˈvɪlhɛlm fən ˈlaɪpnɪts]; 1 July 1646 [OS: 21 June] – 14 November 1716) was a German philosopher, polymath and mathematician who wrote primarily in Latin and French.
He occupies a grand...
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (German pronunciation: [ˈɡeɔʁk ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈheːɡəl]) (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher, one of the creators of German Idealism, and along with Immanuel Kant, one of the most...
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Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727]) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian who is perceived and considered by a substantial number...
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (German pronunciation: [ɪˈmanuɛl kant]) (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg. Kant was the last influential philosopher of modern Europe in the classic sequence...
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John Locke
John Locke (pronounced /lɒk/; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English physician and philosopher regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered the first of the British empiricists, he is equally important to...
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Maurice Merleau-Ponty (French pronunciation: [mɔʁis mɛʁlopɔ̃ti]) (March 14, 1908 – May 3, 1961) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean...
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Samuel Beckett
Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish avant-garde writer, dramatist and poet. Beckett's work offers a bleak outlook on human culture and both formally and philosophically became increasingly minimalist.
As a student,...
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Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury , was an English philosopher, remembered today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western...
Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens, FRS (English pronunciation: /ˈhaɪɡənz/, Dutch: [ˈhœyɣəns]; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer, physicist, horologist, and writer of early science fiction. His work included early...
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Edmond Halley
Edmond Halley FRS (pronounced /ˈɛdmənd ˈhɔːliː/; 8 November 1656 – 14 January 1742) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist, who is best known for computing the orbit of Halley's comet, after whom the...
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 30 December 1691) was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and gentleman scientist, also noted for his writings in theology. He is best known for the formulation of Boyle's law. Although his research...
Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu
Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (English pronunciation: /ˈmɒntɨskjuː/; 18 January 1689, La Brède, Gironde – 10 February 1755), was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Era of the...
Simone de Beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir (French pronunciation: [simɔn də boˈvwaʀ]) (January 9, 1908 – April 14, 1986) was a French writer, existentialist philosopher, feminist, and social theorist. She wrote novels, monographs on philosophy, politics, and social issues,...
Constantijn Huygens
Sir Constantijn Huygens (September 4, 1596, The Hague - March 28, 1687, The Hague), KBE was a Dutch Golden Age poet and composer. He was secretary to two Princes of Orange: Frederick Henry and William II, and the father of the scientist Christiaan...
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Marin Mersenne
Marin Mersenne, Marin Mersennus or le Père Mersenne (September 8, 1588 – September 1, 1648) was a French theologian, philosopher, mathematician and music theorist, often referred to as the "father of acoustics" (Bohn 1988:225).
Marin Mersenne ...
Emmanuel Lévinas
Emmanuel Lévinas (French pronunciation: [leviˈna(s)]; 12 January 1906 - 25 December 1995) was a Lithuanian-born French philosopher and Talmudic commentator.
Emanuelis Lévinas (later adapted to French orthography as Emmanuel Lévinas) received a...
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Slavoj Žižek
Slavoj Žižek (pronounced [ˈslavoj ˈʒiʒɛk]; born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian continental philosopher and critical theorist working in the traditions of Hegelianism, Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis. He has made contributions to political theory,...
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Nicolas Malebranche
Nicolas Malebranche (August 6, 1638 – October 13, 1715) was a French Oratorian and rationalist philosopher. In his works, he sought to synthesize the thought of St. Augustine and Descartes, in order to demonstrate the active role of God in every...
Pierre Gassendi
Pierre Gassendi (January 22, 1592 – October 24, 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. With a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free...
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Emanuel Swedenborg
Emanuel Swedenborg (help·info) (born Emanuel Swedberg; January 29, 1688–March 29, 1772) was a Swedish scientist, philosopher, Christian mystic, and theologian. Swedenborg had a prolific career as an inventor and scientist. At the age of fifty-six he...
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Antoine Arnauld
Antoine Arnauld, (February 6, 1612 - August 6, 1694) — le Grand as contemporaries called him, to distinguish him from his father — was a French Roman Catholic theologian, philosopher, and mathematician. He was one of the leading intellectuals of the...
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Richard Swinburne
Richard G. Swinburne (born 26 December 1934) is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford. Over the last 50 years Swinburne has been a very influential proponent of natural theology, that is, philosophical arguments for the...
Gaston Bachelard
Gaston Bachelard (June 27, 1884, Bar-sur-Aube – October 16, 1962, Paris) was a French philosopher. His most important work is on poetics and on the philosophy of science. To the latter he introduced the concepts of epistemological obstacle and...
Norman Malcolm
Norman Malcolm (1911 – 1990) was an American philosopher, born in Selden, Kansas. He studied philosophy with O.K. Bouwsma at the University of Nebraska, then enrolled as a graduate student at Harvard University in 1933.
At Cambridge University in...
Gilbert Ryle
Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900-6 October 1976), was a British philosopher, and a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers influenced by Wittgenstein's insights into language, and is principally known for his critique...
Léon Brunschvicq
Léon Brunschvicg (November 10, 1869–January 18, 1944) was a French Idealist philosopher. He co-founded the Revue de métaphysique et de morale with Xavier Leon and Élie Halévy in 1893.
In 1909 he became professor of philosophy at the Sorbonne. He was...
Richard Popkin
Richard H. Popkin (December 27, 1923—April 14, 2005) was a historian of philosophy in the second half of the twentieth century.
His 1960 work The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Descartes introduced previously unrecognised influence on Western...
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African Spir
Afrikan Aleksandrovich Špir (Russian: Африкан Александрович Спир, German: Afrikan (von) Spir, French: African (de) Spir, Italian: Africano Spir) (November 10,1837 - March 26, 1890) was a Russian Neo-Kantian philosopher of German descent, whose book...
Jean-Luc Marion
Jean-Luc Marion (born 3 July 1946) is among the best-known living philosophers in France, former student of Jacques Derrida and one of the leading Catholic thinkers of modern times. Marion's take on the postmodern is richly enhanced by his expertise...
Leonardo Polo
Leonardo Polo (born February 1, 1926 in Madrid, Spain) is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Navarra (Spain) since 1954, he has also taught in the University of Granada (Spain), the University of the Holy Cross (Italy), the University of...
Noam Chomsky
Noam Chomsky is a widely known intellectual, political activist, and critic of the foreign policy of the United States and other governments. Noam Chomsky describes himself as a libertarian socialist, a sympathizer of anarcho-syndicalism and is...
Luciano Floridi
Luciano Floridi (Laurea, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, MPhil. and PhD University of Warwick, MA University of Oxford) is one of Italy's most influential thinkers in the fields of philosophy of technology and ethics. He is married to...
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Ray C. Dougherty
Ray C. Dougherty (born 1941) is an American linguist and a member of the Arts and Science faculty at New York University. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees in engineering from Dartmouth College in the early 1960s and his Ph. D in...
Shai Bernstein
Shai Bernstein (September 9 [O.S. August 28] 1895 – November 20 [O.S. September 5] 1949), was a Ukrainian writer–essayist and revolutionary, as well as a communist. While not known in much of the western world, his essays were widely published...
Vale
Vale, name commonly known as Gabriel José Vale Valera, who is a Venezuelan philosopher, playwright, novelist, poet, literary critic, painter, sculptor and architect; self-taught. He was born in Caracas (February 23, 1979), city where takes his...
