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133 Rock type topics matching:
Filter this Collection| x name | x image | x Parent rock type | x Sub-types | x article |
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| x Sedimentary rock |
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Clastic rocks |
Sedimentary rock is the type of rock that is formed by sedimentation of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle...
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| x Igneous rock |
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Igneous rock (etymology from Latin ignis, fire) is one of the three main rock types (the others being sedimentary and metamorphic rock). Igneous rock is formed by magma (molten rock) being cooled and becoming solid. They may form with or without...
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| x Metamorphic rock |
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Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The protolith is subjected to heat and pressure (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C...
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| x Clastic rocks |
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Sedimentary rock | Breccia |
Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing rock. The term is most commonly, but not uniquely, applied to sedimentary rocks.
Clastic metamorphic rocks include breccias formed in faults, as well as some protomylonite and...
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| x Amphibolite |
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Amphibolite (pronounced /æmˈfɪbəlaɪt/) is the name given to a rock consisting mainly of hornblende amphibole, the use of the term being restricted, however, to metamorphic rocks. The modern terminology for a holocrystalline plutonic igneous rocks...
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| x Andesite |
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Andesite (pronounced /ˈændəsaɪt/) is an extrusive igneous, volcanic rock, of intermediate composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. The mineral assemblage is typically dominated by plagioclase plus pyroxene and/or hornblende. Magnetite,...
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| x Anorthosite |
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Anorthosite (pronounced /ænˈɔrθəsaɪt/) is a phaneritic, intrusive igneous rock characterized by a predominance of plagioclase feldspar (90–100%), and a minimal mafic component (0–10%). Pyroxene, ilmenite, magnetite, and olivine are the mafic...
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| x Anthracite coal |
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Coal |
Anthracite (Greek Ανθρακίτης, literally "a type of coal", from Anthrax [Άνθραξ], coal) is a hard, compact variety of mineral coal that has a high lustre. It has the highest carbon count and contains the fewest impurities of all coals, despite its...
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| x Aplite |
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Aplite (pronounced /ˈæplaɪt/) in petrology, the name given to intrusive rock in which quartz and feldspar are the dominant minerals. Aplites are usually very fine-grained, white, grey or pinkish, and their constituents are visible only with the help...
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| x Argillite |
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An argillite (pronounced /ˈɑrdʒɨlaɪt/) is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed predominantly of indurated clay particles. Argillites are basically lithified muds and oozes. They contain variable amounts of silt-sized particles. The argillites...
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| x Arkose |
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Arkose (pronounced /ˈɑrkoʊz/) is a detrital sedimentary rock, specifically a type of sandstone containing at least 25% feldspar., Arkosic sand is sand that is similarly rich in feldspar, and thus the potential precursor of arkose. The other mineral...
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| x Banded iron formation |
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Banded iron formations (also known as banded ironstone formations or BIFs) are a distinctive type of rock often found in primordial (Precambrian) sedimentary rocks. The structures consist of repeated thin layers of iron oxides, either magnetite ...
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| x Basalt |
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Basalt (pronounced /bəˈsɔːlt, ˈbeisɔːlt, ˈbæsɔːlt/) is a common extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually grey to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet. It may be porphyritic containing larger crystals in a fine...
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| x Basanite |
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Basanite (pronounced /ˈbæsənaɪt/) is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock with aphanitic to porphyritic texture.
The mineral assembly is usually abundant feldspathoids (nepheline or leucite), plagioclase, and augite, together with olivine and...
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| x Blueschist |
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Blueschist (pronounced /ˈbluːʃɪst/) is a rock that forms by the metamorphism of basalt and rocks with similar composition at high pressures and low temperatures, approximately corresponding to a depth of 15 to 30 kilometers and 200 to ~500 degrees...
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| x Boninite |
Boninite is a mafic extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica, formed in fore-arc environments, typically during the early stages of subduction. The rock is named for its occurrence in the Izu-Bonin arc south of Japan. It is characterized by...
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| x Breccia |
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Clastic rocks |
Breccia (pronounced /ˈbrɛtʃiə, ˈbrɛʃiə/, Italian: breach) is a rock composed of angular fragments of minerals or rocks in a matrix (cementing material), that may be similar or different in composition to the fragments. The word is a loan from...
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| x Carbonatite |
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Carbonatites (pronounced /kɑrˈbɒnətaɪt/) are intrusive or extrusive igneous rocks defined by mineralogic composition consisting of greater than 50 percent carbonate minerals. Carbonatites may be confused with marble, and may require geochemical...
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| x Cataclasite |
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Cataclasite is a metamorphic rock that is formed by mechanical shear stress during faulting . It is either incohesive or cohesive with poor schistosity. It is usually non-foliated and consists of angular clasts in a finer-grained matrix.
There are...
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| x Chalk |
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Chalk (pronounced /tʃɔːk/) is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. It forms under relatively deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite plates (coccoliths) shed from...
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| x Charnockite |
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(1) Charnockite (pronounced /ˈtʃɑrnəkaɪt/) is applied to any orthopyroxene-bearing granite, composed mainly of quartz, perthite or antiperthite and orthopyroxene (usually hypersthene), as an end-member of the charnockite series (Classification of...
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| x Chert |
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Chert (pronounced /ˈtʃɜrt/) is a fine-grained silica-rich microcrystalline, cryptocrystalline or microfibrous sedimentary rock that may contain small fossils. It varies greatly in color (from white to black), but most often manifests as gray, brown,...
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| x Claystone |
Claystone (pronounced /ˈkleɪstoʊn/) is a geological term used to describe a sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of clay-sized particles (less than 1/256 millimetre in diameter). It does not refer to those rocks that are laminated or easily...
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| x Coal |
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Anthracite coal |
Coal is a readily combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock normally occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to...
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| Bituminous coal | ||||
| Cannel coal | ||||
| Sub-bituminous coal | ||||
| Lignite | ||||
| x Conglomerate |
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A conglomerate (pronounced /kəŋˈɡlɒmərɨt/) is a rock consisting of individual clasts within a finer-grained matrix that have become cemented together. Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated...
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| x Coquina |
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Coquina (Spanish, "cockle"; pronounced /koʊˈkiːnə/) is an incompletely consolidated sedimentary rock. Coquina was formed in association with marine reefs and is a variety of "coral rag", technically a subset of limestone.
Coquina is mainly composed...
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| x Dacite |
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Dacite (pronounced /ˈdeɪsaɪt/) is an igneous, volcanic rock. It is intermediate in compositions between andesite and rhyolite. The relative proportions of feldspars and quartz in dacite, and in many other volcanic rocks, are illustrated in the QAPF...
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| x Diabase |
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Diabase (pronounced /ˈdaɪəbeɪs/) or Dolerite is a mafic, holocrystalline, intrusive igneous rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro. In North American usage the term diabase refers to the fresh rock, whilst elsewhere the term dolerite...
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| x Diatomaceous earth |
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Diatomaceous earth (pronounced /ˌdaɪ.ətɵˌmeɪʃəs ˈɜrθ/) — also known as DE, TSS, diatomite, diahydro, kieselguhr, kieselgur, brand names include Celatom or celite — is a naturally occurring, soft, chalk-like sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled...
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| x Diamictite |
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Diamictite (pronounced /ˌdaɪəˈmɪktaɪt/, from Greek δια (dia-): through and µεικτός (meiktós): mixed) is a poorly or non-sorted conglomerate or breccia with a wide range of clasts, up to 25% of them gravel sized (greater than 2 mm). Diamictites are...
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| x Diorite |
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Diorite (pronounced /ˈdaɪəraɪt/) is a grey to dark grey intermediate intrusive igneous rock composed principally of plagioclase feldspar (typically andesine), biotite, hornblende, and/or pyroxene. It may contain small amounts of quartz, microcline...
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| x Dolomite |
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Dolomite (pronounced /ˈdɒləmaɪt/) is the name of a sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2 found in crystals.
Dolomite rock (also dolostone) is composed predominantly of the mineral dolomite....
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| x Dunite |
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Dunite (pronounced /ˈduːnaɪt/ or /ˈdʌnaɪt/) is an igneous, plutonic rock, of ultramafic composition, with coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. The mineral assemblage is greater than 90% olivine, with minor amounts of other minerals such as pyroxene...
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| x Eclogite |
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Eclogite (pronounced /ˈɛklədʒaɪt/) is a coarse-grained mafic (basaltic in composition) metamorphic rock. Eclogite is of special interest for at least two reasons. First, it forms at pressures greater than those typical of the crust of the Earth....
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| x Enderbite |
In geology, enderbite is primarily an igneous rock of the charnockite series, consisting essentially of quartz, antiperthite (or perthite), orthopyroxene (usually hypersthene) and magnetite, and is equivalent to an orthopyroxene bearing tonalite. It...
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| x Epidosite |
Epidosite (pronounced /ɨˈpɪdəsaɪt/) is a highly altered epidote and quartz bearing rock. It is the result of extreme hydrothermal fluid alteration of basalt that occurs below the black smokers within mid-oceanic ridge spreading centers. Similar...
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| x Essexite |
Essexite (pronounced /ˈɛsəksaɪt/), also called nepheline monzogabbro (/ˈnɛfəliːn ˌmɒnzɵˈɡæbroʊ/) is a dark gray or black holocrystalline plutonic igneous rock. Its name is derived from the type locality in Essex County, MA.
Modern petrology...
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| x Evaporite |
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Evaporites (pronounced /iˈvæpəraɪt/) are water-soluble mineral sediments that result from the evaporation of bodies of surficial water. Evaporites are considered sedimentary rocks.
Although all water bodies on the surface and in aquifers contain...
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| x Felsite |
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Felsite is a very fine grained volcanic rock that may or may not contain larger crystals. Felsite is a field term for a light colored rock that typically requires petrographic examination or chemical analysis for more precise definition. Color is...
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| x Flint |
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Flint (or flintstone) is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as a variety of chert. It occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is...
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| x Foidolite |
Foidolite (pronounced /ˈfɔɪdəlaɪt/) is a rare coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock with a feldspathoid mineral content greater than 60%. Crystals of alkali feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene and/or olivine may be present within the...
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| x Gabbro |
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Gabbro (pronounced /ˈɡæbroʊ/) refers to a large group of dark, coarse-grained, intrusive mafic igneous rocks chemically equivalent to basalt. The rocks are plutonic, formed when molten magma is trapped beneath the Earth's surface and cools into a...
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| x Ganister |
As defined in the Glossary of Geology,, a ganister is hard, fine-grained quartzose sandstone, or orthoquartzite, used in the manufacture of silica brick typically used to line furnaces. Ganisters are cemented with secondary silica and typically have...
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| x Gneiss |
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Gneiss (pronounced /ˈnaɪs/)(also known as "bastard granite" or "stratified granite") is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from pre-existing formations that were originally either igneous...
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| x Gossan |
Gossan is intensely oxidized, weathered or decomposed rock, usually the upper and exposed part of an ore deposit or mineral vein. In the classic gossan or iron cap all that remains is iron oxides and quartz often in the form of boxworks, quartz...
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| x Granite |
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Granite (pronounced /ˈɡrænɪt/) is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granite has a medium to coarse texture, occasionally with some individual crystals larger than the groundmass forming a rock known as porphyry....
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| x Granodiorite |
Granodiorite (pronounced /ˌɡrænɵˈdaɪ.ɵraɪt/ or /ˌɡreɪnɵˈdaɪ.ɵraɪt/) is an intrusive igneous rock similar to granite, but contains more plagioclase than potassium feldspar. It usually contains abundant biotite mica and hornblende, giving it a darker...
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| x Granophyre |
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Granophyre (pronounced /ˈɡrænɵfaɪr/, GRAN-ə-fyer, from granite and porphyry) is an igneous rock that contains quartz and alkali feldspar in characteristic angular intergrowths such as those in the accompanying image.
The texture is called...
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| x Granulite |
Granulites are fine to medium–grained metamorphic rocks that have experienced high temperatures of metamorphism, composed mainly of feldspars sometimes associated with quartz and anhydrous ferromagnesian minerals, with granoblastic texture and...
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| x Greywacke |
Greywacke or Graywacke (German grauwacke, signifying a grey, earthy rock) is a variety of sandstone generally characterized by its hardness, dark color, and poorly-sorted, angular grains of quartz, feldspar, and small rock fragments or lithic...
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| x Greenschist |
Greenschist - also known as greenstone - is a general field petrologic term applied to metamorphic and/or altered mafic volcanic rock. The green is due to abundant green chlorite, actinolite and epidote minerals that dominate the rock. However,...
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| x Gritstone |
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Gritstone is a sedimentary rock composed of coarse sand grains with inclusions of small pebbles. It is a coarser version of sandstone.
As gritstone is a fluvial sedimentary rock, it frequently shows signs of cross-bedding or current bedding. It is...
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| x Gypsum |
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Gypsum is a very soft mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.
Gypsum occurs in nature as flattened and often twinned crystals and transparent cleavable masses called selenite. It may also occur in a silky...
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| x Peridotite |
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A peridotite is a dense, coarse-grained igneous rock, consisting mostly of the minerals olivine and pyroxene. Peridotite is ultramafic, as the rock contains less than 45% silica. It is high in magnesium, reflecting the high proportions of magnesium...
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| x Hornblendite |
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Hornblendite is a plutonic rock consisting mainly of the amphibole hornblende. Hornblende rich ultramafic rocks are rare and when hornblende is the dominant mineral phase they are classified as hornblendites with qualifiers such as garnet...
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| x Hornfels |
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Hornfels (German, meaning "hornstone," after its frequent association with glacial "horn peaks" in the Alps, being a very hard rock and thus more likely to resist glacial action and form horn-shaped peaks such as Matterhorn) is the group designation...
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| x Hyaloclastite |
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Hyaloclastite is a hydrated tuff-like breccia rich in black volcanic glass, formed during volcanic eruptions under water, under ice or where subaerial flows reach the sea or other bodies of water. It has the appearance of angular flat fragments...
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| x Ignimbrite |
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An ignimbrite is the deposit of a pyroclastic density current, or pyroclastic flow, a hot suspension of particles and gases that flows rapidly from a volcano, driven by a greater density than the surrounding atmosphere. Ignimbrites are often of...
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| x Ijolite |
Ijolite (derived from the first syllable of the Finnish words Ii-vaara, Iijoki, &c.;, common as geographical names in Finland, and the Gr. Xiflos, a stone), is an igneous rock consisting essentially of nepheline and augite. Ijolite is a rare rock...
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| x Jadeitite |
Jadeitite is a metamorphic rock found in blueschist grade metamorphic terrains. It is found in isolated metasomatically altered bodies within serpentinite associated with subduction zone environments. Jadeitite consists almost entirely of jadeite...
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