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Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir...

Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken. As of 1996, Pitman shorthand was the most popular shorthand system used in the United Kingdom and the second most popular in the United States. One characteristic feature of Pitman shorthand is that [voiced] sounds (such as /p/ and /b/ or /t/ and /d/) are represented by strokes that differ only in thickness (the thin stroke representing 'light' sounds such as p and t; the thick stroke representing 'heavy' sounds such as b and d). Another distinguishing feature is that there is more than one way of indicating vowels. The main vowel of a word or phrase is indicated by the position of the stroke with respect to the ruled lines of the notebook. (For example, a small circle drawn above the ruled line translates to as/has ; the same circle drawn on the line translates to is/his). But the marks for as/has and is/his are like irregular verbs: they are an exception to