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In modal logic, a modal operator is an operator which forms propositions from propositions. In...

In modal logic, a modal operator is an operator which forms propositions from propositions. In general, a modal operator has the "formal" property of being non-truth-functional, and is "intuitively" characterised by expressing a modal attitude (such as necessity, possibility, belief, or knowledge) about the proposition to which the operator is applied. The concrete examples in this entry relate modality to literary theory. In literary and fiction theory, the concept of modal operators has been explored by Lubomir Dolezel in Heterocosmica (1998), a book that articulates a complete theory of literary fiction based on the idea of possible worlds. Dolezel works with the concept of modalities that play the crucial role in formative operation, i.e. in shaping narrative worlds into orders that have the potential to produce stories. Based on the theories of modal logic, Dolezel introduces a set of modal systems that are appropriated for fictional semantics, expanding on the table used by Georg Henrik von Wright (1968). There are four established interpretations of the modal operator of modal modal logic: alethic, deontic, axiological and epistemic. Alethic modal operators (M-operators)