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29 Fallacy topics matching:
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| x Appeal to probability |
The appeal to probability is a logical fallacy. It assumes that because something could happen, it is inevitable that it will happen. This is flawed logic, regardless of the likelihood of the event in question. The fallacy is often used to exploit...
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| x Argument from fallacy |
"Argument from fallacy" describes what is also called Argument to Logic (Argumentum ad Logicam) or fallacy fallacy, is a logical fallacy which assumes that if an argument is fallacious its conclusion must be false.
It has the general argument form:...
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| x Bare assertion fallacy |
The bare assertion fallacy is a fallacy in formal logic where a premise in an argument is assumed to be true merely because it says that it is true.
One form of the fallacy may be summarized as follows:
Put into practice, this fallacy would read:
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| x Base rate fallacy |
The base rate fallacy, also called base rate neglect, is an error that occurs when the conditional probability of some hypothesis H given some evidence E is assessed without taking sufficient account of the "base rate" or "prior probability" of E....
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| x Conjunction fallacy |
The conjunction fallacy is a logical fallacy that occurs when it is assumed that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one.
The most oft-cited example of this fallacy originated with Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman:
85% of...
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| x Denying the correlative |
The logical fallacy of denying the correlative is an attempt made at introducing alternatives where there are none. In a way, it is the opposite of the false dilemma, which is denying other alternatives.
For example:
In determining whether this...
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| x Suppressed correlative |
The logical fallacy of suppressed correlative is a type of argument which tries to redefine a correlative (two mutually exclusive options) so that one alternative encompasses the other, i.e. making one alternative impossible.
Examples:
This type of...
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| x Fallacy of necessity |
A fallacy of necessity is a fallacy in the logic of a syllogism whereby a degree of unwarranted necessity is placed in the conclusion.
Example:
The condition a) is a tautology and therefore valid on its face. The condition b) is a statement of fact...
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| x False dilemma |
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The logical fallacy of false dilemma (also called false dichotomy, the either-or fallacy) involves a situation in which only two alternatives are considered, when in fact there are other options. Closely related are failing to consider a range of...
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| x If-by-whiskey |
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In political discourse, if-by-whiskey is a relativist fallacy where the response to a question is contingent on the questioner's opinions and use of words with strong positive or negative connotations (e.g., terrorist as negative and freedom fighter...
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| x Ignoratio elenchi |
Ignoratio elenchi (also known as irrelevant conclusion or irrelevant thesis) is the informal fallacy of presenting an argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question. "Ignoratio elenchi" can be roughly translated by...
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| x Homunculus argument |
The homunculus argument is a fallacy arising most commonly in the theory of vision. One may explain (human) vision by noting that light from the outside world forms an image on the retinas in the eyes and something (or someone) in the brain looks at...
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| x Masked man fallacy |
The masked man fallacy is a fallacy of formal logic in which substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one. The name comes from the example "I do not know who the masked man is", which can be true even though the...
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| x Naturalistic fallacy |
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The naturalistic fallacy is often claimed to be a formal fallacy. It was described and named by British philosopher G. E. Moore in his 1903 book Principia Ethica. Moore stated that a naturalistic fallacy was committed whenever a philosopher attempts...
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| x Nirvana fallacy |
The Nirvana fallacy is the logical error of comparing actual things with unrealistic, idealized alternatives. It can also refer to the tendency to assume that there is a perfect solution to a particular problem.
Example: "If we go on the Highway 95...
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| x Negative proof |
Negative proof, the fallacy of appealing to lack of proof of the negative, is a logical fallacy of the following form:
It is asserted that a proposition is true, only because it has not been proven false. The negative proof fallacy often occurs in...
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| x Package-deal fallacy |
The logical fallacy of the package deal consists of assuming that things often grouped together by tradition or culture must always be grouped that way.
It is particularly common in political arguments: "My opponent is a conservative who voted...
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| x Affirming a disjunct |
The logical fallacy of affirming a disjunct also known as the fallacy of the alternative disjunct or a false exclusionary disjunct occurs when a deductive argument takes the following logical form:
Or in logical operators:
Where denotes a logical...
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| x Affirming the consequent |
Affirming the consequent, sometimes called converse error, is a formal fallacy, committed by reasoning in the form:
An argument of this form is invalid, i.e., the conclusion can be false even when statements 1 and 2 are true. Since P was never...
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| x Denying the antecedent |
Denying the antecedent, sometimes also called inverse error, is a formal fallacy, committed by reasoning in the form:
Arguments of this form are invalid. Informally, this means that arguments of this form do not give good reason to establish their...
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| x Existential fallacy |
The existential fallacy, or existential instantiation, is a logical fallacy committed in a categorical syllogism that is invalid because it has two universal premises and a particular conclusion. In other words, for the conclusion to be true, at...
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| x Illicit Conversion |
An illicit conversion is the invalid inversion of a A- or O-type proposition. It can also be defined as an argument which entails the arbitrary assignment of a specific trait of a set to one of its subsets.
The basic forms of the illicit conversion...
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| x Proof by example |
Proof by example (also known as inappropriate generalisation) is a logical fallacy whereby one or more examples are claimed as "proof" for a more general statement.
This fallacy has the following argument form:
The following example demonstrates why...
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| x Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise |
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise is a logical fallacy that is committed when a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but one or two negative premises.
For example:
The only thing that can be properly inferred from these...
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| x Fallacy of exclusive premises |
The fallacy of exclusive premises is a formal fallacy committed in a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative.
Example:
It is not a syllogistic fallacy because at least one premise of a given syllogism has to...
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| x Fallacy of four terms |
The fallacy of four terms (Latin: quaternio terminorum) is the logical fallacy that occurs when a categorical syllogism has four terms.
Categorical syllogisms always have three terms:
Here, the three terms are: "goldfish," "fish," and "fins."
Using...
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| x Illicit major |
Illicit major is a logical fallacy committed in a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its major term is undistributed in the major premise but distributed in the conclusion.
This fallacy has the following argument form:
Example:
In this...
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| x Illicit minor |
Illicit minor is a logical fallacy committed in a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minor term is undistributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion.
This fallacy has the following argument form:
Example:
The minor...
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| x Fallacy of the undistributed middle |
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The fallacy of the undistributed middle is a logical fallacy that is committed when the middle term in a categorical syllogism isn't distributed. It is thus a syllogistic fallacy.
The fallacy of the undistributed middle takes the following form:...
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