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Lisp
Lisp (or LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized syntax. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today; only Fortran is older. Like Fortran, Lisp has changed a...
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Logo
LOGO (an acronym for Logic Oriented Graphic Oriented) is a computer programming language used for functional programming. It is an adaptation and dialect of the Lisp language; some have called it Lisp without the parentheses. Today, it is known...
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- Functional programming ,
- Educational programming language ,
- Procedural programming ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language
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Introduced:
- 1967
Smalltalk
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis." It was designed and created in part for...
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CLOS
The Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) is the facility for object-oriented programming which is part of ANSI Common Lisp. CLOS is a dynamic object system which differs radically from the OOP facilities found in more static languages such as C++ or...
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Dylan
The Dylan programming language is a multi-paradigm language that includes support for functional and object-oriented programming, and is dynamic and reflective while providing a programming model designed to support efficient machine code generation...
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Common Lisp
Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (R2004), (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999)). Developed to standardize the divergent variants of Lisp (though...
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CLU
CLU is a programming language created at MIT by Barbara Liskov and her students between 1974 and 1975. It was notable for its use of constructors for abstract data types that included the code that operated on them, a key step in the direction of...
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View entire collection »Introduced:
- 1974
JavaScript
JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language used to enable programmatic access to objects within both the client application and other applications. It is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript, implemented as an integrated...
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View entire collection »Introduced:
- 1995
Emacs Lisp
Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used by the GNU Emacs and XEmacs text editors (which this article will refer to collectively as "Emacs"). It is used for implementing most of the editing functionality built into Emacs, the...
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Forth
Forth is a structured, imperative, reflective, stack-based computer programming language and programming environment. Forth is sometimes spelled in all capital letters following the customary usage during its earlier years, although the name is not...
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View entire collection »Introduced:
- 1970
Haskell
Haskell (pronounced [ˈhæskəl]) is a standardized, general-purpose purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing. It is named after logician Haskell Curry.
Following the release of Miranda by Research...
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View entire collection »Introduced:
- 1990
MOO programming language
The MOO programming language is a relatively simple programming language used to support the MOO Server. It is dynamically typed and uses a prototype based object oriented system, with syntax roughly derived from the Algol school of programming...
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Language Paradigms:
- Structured programming ,
- Prototype-based programming ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language ,
- Object-oriented programming
Introduced:
- 1990
ML
ML is a general-purpose functional programming language developed by Robin Milner and others in the late 1970s at the University of Edinburgh, whose syntax is inspired by ISWIM. Historically, ML stands for metalanguage: it was conceived to develop...
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View entire collection »Introduced:
- 1973
Nial
Nial (from "Nested Interactive Array Language") is a high-level array programming language developed from about 1981 by Mike Jenkins of Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Nial combines a functional programming notation for arrays based...
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Introduced:
- 1981
Python
Python is a general-purpose high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to "[combine] remarkable power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is large and comprehensive. Its use of...
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View entire collection »Introduced:
- 1991
Perl
Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall, a linguist working as a systems administrator for NASA, in 1987, as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make...
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- Procedural programming ,
- Object-oriented programming ,
- Dynamic programming language ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language
Introduced:
- 1987
PostScript
PostScript (PS) is a dynamically typed concatenative programming language created by John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982. PostScript is best known for its use as a page description language in the electronic and desktop publishing areas.
The...
Language Paradigms:
- Stack-oriented programming language ,
- Concatenative programming language ,
- Procedural programming ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language
Introduced:
- 1982
Ruby
Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, general purpose object-oriented programming language that combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features. Ruby originated in Japan during the mid-1990s and was initially developed and designed by...
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- Interpreted language ,
- Dynamic programming language ,
- Object-oriented programming ,
- Reflective programming
Introduced:
- 1995
REBOL
REBOL (Relative Expression Based Object Language; REB-ol) is a cross-platform data exchange language and a multi-paradigm dynamic programming language originally designed by Carl Sassenrath for network communications and distributed computing.
REBOL...
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- Functional programming ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language ,
- Structured programming ,
- Prototype-based programming
Introduced:
- 1997
Scheme
Scheme is one of the two main dialects of the programming language Lisp. Unlike Common Lisp, the other main dialect, Scheme follows a minimalist design philosophy specifying a small standard core with powerful tools for language extension. Its...
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Language Paradigms:
- Functional programming ,
- Interpreted language ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language ,
- Procedural programming
Introduced:
- 1975
Squeak
The Squeak programming language is a Smalltalk implementation, derived directly from Smalltalk-80 by a group at Apple Computer that included some of the original Smalltalk-80 developers. Its development was continued by the same group at Walt Disney...
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Introduced:
- 1996
Lua
In computing, Lua (pronounced /ˈluː.ə/, LOO-ə) is a lightweight, reflective, imperative and functional programming language, designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. The name comes from the Portuguese word lua...
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View entire collection »Language Paradigms:
- Imperative programming ,
- Functional programming ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language ,
- Object-oriented programming
Introduced:
- 1993
Mathematica
Mathematica is a general computing environment, organizing many algorithmic, visualization, and user interface capabilities within a document-like user interface paradigm. It was originally conceived by Stephen Wolfram, developed by a team of...
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CycL
CycL in computer science and artificial intelligence is an ontology language used by Doug Lenat's Cyc artificial intelligence project. Ramanathan V. Guha was instrumental in the design of the language. There is a close variant of CycL known as MELD....
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Io
Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript. Io has a prototype-based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between instance and...
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View entire collection »Introduced:
- 2002
OPS5
OPS5 is a rule-based or production system computer language, notable as the first such language to be used in a successful expert system, the R1/XCON system used to configure VAX computers.
The OPS (said to be short for "Official Production System")...
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Windows PowerShell
Windows PowerShell is an extensible automation engine from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language. Codenamed "Monad", it was first shown publicly at the Professional Developers Conference in September 2003....
Language Paradigms:
- Object-oriented programming ,
- Functional programming ,
- Imperative programming ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language
Introduced:
- 2006
Factor
Factor is a stack-oriented programming language created by Slava Pestov. Factor is dynamically typed and has automatic memory management, as well as powerful metaprogramming features. The language has a single implementation featuring a self-hosted...
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- Concatenative programming language ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language ,
- Stack-oriented programming language
Introduced:
- 2003
LPC
The LPC programming language is an object-oriented programming language derived from C and developed originally by Lars Pensjö to facilitate MUD building on LPMuds. It has been used not only for mud game creation, but also has evolved into the Pike...
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Claire programming language
Claire is a high-level functional and object-oriented programming language with rule processing capabilities. It was designed by Yves Caseau at Bouygues' e-Lab research laboratory, and received its final definition in 2004.
Claire provides:
Claire's...
Introduced:
- 1994
*Lisp
The *Lisp (aka StarLisp) programming language was conceived of in 1985 by Cliff Lasser and Steve Omohundro (employees of the Thinking Machines Corporation) as a way of providing an efficient yet high-level language for programming the nascent...
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Introduced:
- 1986
Caml
Caml (originally an acronym for Categorical Abstract Machine Language) is a dialect of the ML programming language family, developed at INRIA and formerly at ENS.
Like all descendants of ML, Caml is statically typed, strictly evaluated, and uses...
Language Paradigms:
- Functional programming ,
- Object-oriented programming ,
- Imperative programming ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language
Introduced:
- 1985
Nickle programming language
Nickle is a numeric oriented programming language by Keith Packard and Bart Massey. Originally used for desktop calculation, it has since expanded for prototyping of complicated algorithms.
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Introduced:
- 2001
AgentSheets
AgentSheets is an educational Cyberlearning tool to create Web-based simulation games. AgentSheets is used worldwide to teach students programming and related information technology skills through game design. The built-in drag-and-drop language is...
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View entire collection »Introduced:
- 1991
Pike
Pike is an interpreted, object-oriented, dynamic programming language
with a syntax similar to C. It includes a powerful modules system that,
for instance, has image manipulation, database connectivity and
advanced cryptography. It is simple to...
with a syntax similar to C. It includes a powerful modules system that,
for instance, has image manipulation, database connectivity and
advanced cryptography. It is simple to...
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Arc
Arc is a dialect of the Lisp programming language now under development by Paul Graham and Robert Morris.
In 2001 Paul Graham announced that he was working on a new dialect of Lisp named "Arc". Over the years since, he has written several essays...
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Introduced:
- 2008
Blueprint
Blueprint is a high-level visual specification language being created to represent specifications for requirements, high-level designs, and detailed designs. The fundamental rationale for its creation is to express specifications in the most natural...
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Introduced:
- 2007
Qi
Qi is a functional programming language developed by Dr Mark Tarver and introduced in April 2005 under the GNU GPL license. An upgraded version was reimplemented and issued as Qi II in November 2008. Qi II is currently free for personal and...
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Clojure
Clojure (pronounced like closure) is a modern dialect of the Lisp programming language. It is a general-purpose language supporting interactive development that encourages a functional programming style which simplifies multithreaded programming....
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View entire collection »Introduced:
- 2007
Nu
Nu is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, with a LISP-like syntax, created by Tim Burks as an alternative scripting language to program Mac OS X through its Cocoa API.
There is also a language implementation for Linux, and the...
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View entire collection »Introduced:
- 2007
Ioke
Ioke is a dynamic, strongly-typed, prototype-based programming language targeting the Java Virtual Machine and the Common Language Runtime. It was designed by Ola Bini, a developer of JRuby. It has a very simple homoiconic syntax, somewhat similar...
Falcon
Falcon is an open source, multi-paradigm programming language. Design and implementation is led by Giancarlo Niccolai, a native of Bologna, Italy and Information Technology graduate from Pistoia.
Falcon translates computer source code to virtual...
Language Paradigms:
- Functional programming ,
- Procedural programming ,
- Prototype-based programming ,
- Multi-paradigm programming language
Introduced:
- 2003
