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2,347 Concepts/Theories topics matching:
Filter this Collection| x name | x image | x Field of Study | x Field | x Conceptualizer | x article |
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| x Adaptive grammar |
An adaptive grammar is a formal grammar that explicitly provides mechanisms within the formalism to allow its own production rules to be manipulated.
John N. Shutt defines adaptive grammars as follows:
Types of manipulation include rule addition,...
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| x Adaptive radiation |
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An adaptive radiation is a rapid evolutionary radiation characterized by an increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single, rapidly diversifying lineage. Phenotypes adapt in response to the environment, with new and useful traits...
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| x Complex adaptive system |
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Complex adaptive systems are special cases of complex systems. They are complex in that they are diverse and made up of multiple interconnected elements (and so a part of network science) and adaptive in that they have the capacity to change and...
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| x Adaptive optics |
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Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion. It is used in astronomical telescopes and laser communication systems to remove the effects of...
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| x Arrovian uncertainty |
Arrovian uncertainty is a term used in economics to describe calculable risk, where it is possible to calculate variation in possible outcomes, based on knowledge or an a priori belief.
Knightian uncertainty
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| x Knightian uncertainty | Economics |
In economics, Knightian uncertainty is risk that is immeasurable, not possible to calculate.
Knightian uncertainty is named after University of Chicago economist Frank Knight (1885–1972), who distinguished risk and uncertainty in his work Risk,...
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| x Uncertainty |
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Sociology |
Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of fields, including philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, finance, insurance, psychology, sociology, engineering, and information science. It applies to predictions of future...
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| x Competitor analysis |
Competitor analysis in marketing and strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors. This analysis provides both an offensive and defensive strategic context through which to identify...
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| x Competitor indexing |
Competitor indexing is a price setting technique used by marketers. Generally, it involves using the price of competitors' products in determining the price of your own products.
Variations of this strategy include:
This strategy is typically used...
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| x Dynamic time warping |
Dynamic time warping is an algorithm for measuring similarity between two sequences which may vary in time or speed. For instance, similarities in walking patterns would be detected, even if in one video the person was walking slowly and if in...
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| x Dynamic and formal equivalence |
Dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence are two approaches to translation. Dynamic equivalence (also known as functional equivalence) attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text (if necessary, at the expense of literalness, original...
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| x Numerical analysis |
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Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).
One of the earliest mathematical writings is the Babylonian tablet YBC 7289, which gives a sexagesimal numerical...
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| x Analysis of variance |
In statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance is partitioned into components due to different explanatory variables. In its simplest form ANOVA...
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| x Requirements analysis |
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Requirements analysis in systems engineering and software engineering, encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the...
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| x Regression analysis |
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In statistics, regression analysis includes any techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis...
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| x Regression testing |
Regression testing is any type of software testing that seeks to uncover software errors by partially retesting a modified program. The intent of regression testing is to assure that a bug fix has been successfully corrected based on the error that...
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| x Linear regression |
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In statistics, linear regression refers to any approach to modeling the relationship between one or more variables denoted y and one or more variables denoted X, such that the model depends linearly on the unknown parameters to be estimated from the...
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| x Regression toward the mean |
In statistics, regression toward the mean refers to the phenomenon that a variable that is extreme on its first measurement will tend to be closer to the centre of the distribution on a later measurement. To avoid making wrong inferences, the...
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| x Statistical independence |
In probability theory, to say that two events are independent intuitively means that the occurrence of one event makes it neither more nor less probable that the other occurs. For example:
Similarly, two random variables are independent if the...
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| x Statistical classification |
Statistical classification is a supervised machine learning procedure in which individual items are placed into groups based on quantitative information on one or more characteristics inherent in the items (referred to as traits, variables,...
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| x Relevance logic |
Relevance logic, also called relevant logic, is a kind of non-classical logic requiring the antecedent and consequent of implications be relevantly related. They may be viewed as a family of substructural or modal logics. (It is generally, but not...
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| x Relevance theory |
There are two ways to conceive of how thoughts can be communicated from one person to another. The first way is through the use of strict coding and decoding, which makes explicit use of symbols, rules, and language. The second way is by making...
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| x Transport function |
In mathematics, the transport functions J(n,x) are defined by
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| x Static code analysis |
Static code analysis is the analysis of computer software that is performed without actually executing programs built from that software (analysis performed on executing programs is known as dynamic analysis). In most cases the analysis is performed...
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| x Static timing analysis |
Static Timing Analysis (STA) is a method of computing the expected timing of a digital circuit without requiring simulation.
High-performance integrated circuits have traditionally been characterized by the clock frequency at which they operate....
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| x Statistical static timing analysis |
Conventional static timing analysis (STA) has been a stock analysis algorithm for the design of digital circuits over the last 30 years. However, in recent years the increased variation in semiconductor devices and interconnect has introduced a...
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| x Synchronous circuit |
A synchronous circuit is a digital circuit in which the parts are synchronized by a clock signal.
In an ideal synchronous circuit, every change in the logical levels of its storage components is simultaneous. These transitions follow the level...
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| x Register transfer level |
In integrated circuit design, register transfer level (RTL) description is a way of describing the operation of a synchronous digital circuit. In RTL design, a circuit's behavior is defined in terms of the flow of signals (or transfer of data)...
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| x Register Transfer Language |
In computer science, register transfer language (RTL) is a term used to describe a kind of intermediate representation (IR) that is very close to assembly language, such as that which is used in a compiler. Academic papers and textbooks also often...
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| x Marginal rate of substitution |
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In economics, the marginal rate of substitution is the rate at which a consumer is ready to give up one good in exchange for another good while maintaining the same level of satisfaction.
Under the standard assumption of neoclassical economics that...
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| x Marginal utility |
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In economics, the marginal utility of a good or of a service is the utility of the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase in that good or service, or of the specific use that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. In...
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| x Exponential utility |
In economics exponential discounting is a specific form of the discount function, used in the analysis of choice over time (with or without uncertainty). Formally, exponential discounting occurs when total utility is given by
where ct is consumption...
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| x Risk aversion |
Risk aversion is a concept in economics, finance, and psychology based in the behavior of humans (especially consumers and investors) whilst exposed to uncertainty.
Risk aversion is the reluctance of a person to accept a bargain with an uncertain...
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| x Regret |
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Regret is an intelligent and emotional dislike for personal past acts and behaviors. Regret is often felt when someone feels sadness, shame, embarrassment, depression or guilt after committing an action or actions that the person later wishes that...
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| x Trigonometric function |
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In mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions) are functions of an angle. They are used to relate the angles of a triangle to the lengths of the sides of a triangle. Trigonometric functions are important in the study of...
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| x Gamma function |
In mathematics, the Gamma function (represented by the capital Greek letter Γ) is an extension of the factorial function to real and complex numbers. For a complex number z with positive real part the Gamma function is defined by
This definition can...
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| x Riemann zeta function |
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Mathematics | Bernhard Riemann |
In mathematics, the Riemann zeta function, named after German mathematician Bernhard Riemann who introduced it in 1859, is a prominent function of great significance in number theory because of its relation to the distribution of prime numbers. It...
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| x Poisson's equation |
In mathematics, Poisson's equation is a partial differential equation with broad utility in electrostatics, mechanical engineering and theoretical physics. It is named after the French mathematician, geometer and physicist Siméon-Denis Poisson. The...
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| x Laplace's equation |
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In mathematics, Laplace's equation is a partial differential equation named after Pierre-Simon Laplace who first studied its properties. The solutions of Laplace's equation are important in many fields of science, notably the fields of...
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| x Levenshtein distance |
In information theory and computer science, the Levenshtein distance is a metric for measuring the amount of difference between two sequences (i.e., the so called edit distance). The Levenshtein distance between two strings is given by the minimum...
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| x Needleman-Wunsch algorithm |
The Needleman–Wunsch algorithm performs a global alignment on two sequences (called A and B here). It is commonly used in bioinformatics to align protein or nucleotide sequences. The algorithm was published in 1970 by Saul Needleman and Christian...
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| x Viterbi algorithm |
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Information theory | Andrew Viterbi |
The Viterbi algorithm is a dynamic programming algorithm for finding the most likely sequence of hidden states – called the Viterbi path – that results in a sequence of observed events, especially in the context of Markov information sources, and...
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| x Keyword spotting |
Keyword spotting is a subfield of speech recognition that deals with the identification of keywords in utterances.
There are several types of keyword spotting:
Keyword spotting in unconstrained speech appears when keywords may not be separated from...
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| x Gödel number | Mathematics | Kurt Gödel |
In mathematical logic, a Gödel numbering is a function that assigns to each symbol and well-formed formula of some formal language a unique natural number, called its Gödel number. The concept was first used by Kurt Gödel for the proof of his...
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| Mathematical logic | |||||
| x Cantor set |
In mathematics, the Cantor set, introduced by German mathematician Georg Cantor in 1883 (but discovered in 1875 by Henry John Stephen Smith), is a set of points lying on a single line segment that has a number of remarkable and deep properties....
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| x Dirac equation |
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Physics | Paul Dirac |
In physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation formulated by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928 which provides a description of elementary spin-½ particles, such as electrons, consistent with both the principles...
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| Quantum mechanics | |||||
| x Schrödinger equation |
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Quantum mechanics | Erwin Schrödinger |
In physics, specifically quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is an equation that describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes in time. It is as central to quantum mechanics as Newton's laws are to classical mechanics.
In the...
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| x Mathematics |
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Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions.
There is debate over whether...
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| x Number theory |
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Number theory is the branch of pure mathematics concerned with the properties of numbers in general, and integers in particular, as well as the wider classes of problems that arise from their study.
Number theory may be subdivided into several...
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| Hidden Markov model |
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A hidden Markov model (HMM) is a statistical model in which the system being modeled is assumed to be a Markov process with unobserved state. An HMM can be considered as the simplest dynamic Bayesian network.
In a regular Markov model, the state is...
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| x Algebraically closed field |
In mathematics, a field F is said to be algebraically closed if every polynomial with one variable of degree at least 1, with coefficients in F, has a root in F.
As an example, the field of real numbers is not algebraically closed, because the...
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| x Algebraic number |
In mathematics, an algebraic number is a complex number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with rational (or equivalently, integer) coefficients. Numbers such as π that are not algebraic are said to be transcendental, and are...
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| x Automorphism |
In mathematics, an automorphism is an isomorphism from a mathematical object to itself. It is, in some sense, a symmetry of the object, and a way of mapping the object to itself while preserving all of its structure. The set of all automorphisms of...
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| x Antisymmetric relation |
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In mathematics, a binary relation R on a set X is antisymmetric if, for all a and b in X
or, equivalently,
In mathematical notation, this is:
or equally,
An example of an antisymmetric relation is the subset relation:
Or in words, if every element...
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| x Associativity |
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In mathematics, associativity is a property that a binary operation can have. It means that, within an expression containing two or more occurrences in a row of the same associative operator, the order that the operations are performed does not...
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| x Associative algebra |
In mathematics, an associative algebra is a module which also allows the multiplication of vectors in a distributive and associative manner. They are thus a special case of algebras over commutative rings.
Let R be a fixed commutative ring. An...
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| x Abelian group |
An abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on their order (the axiom of commutativity). Abelian groups generalize the arithmetic of addition...
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| x Arithmetic |
Arithmetic or arithmetics (from the Greek word αριθμός = number) is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, used by almost everyone, for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations. It...
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| x Algebraic closure |
In mathematics, particularly abstract algebra, an algebraic closure of a field K is an algebraic extension of K that is algebraically closed. It is one of many closures in mathematics.
Using Zorn's lemma, it can be shown that every field has an...
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| x Arithmetic function |
In number theory, an arithmetic (or arithmetical) function is a real or complex valued function ƒ(n) defined on the set of natural numbers (i.e. positive integers) that "expresses some arithmetical property of n."
An example of an arithmetic...
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