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| x Angular momentum |
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Angular momentum is a quantity that is useful in describing the rotational state of a physical system. For a rigid body rotating around an axis of symmetry (e.g. the fins of a ceiling fan), the angular momentum can be expressed as the product of the...
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| x Earth |
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Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It is the fifth largest of the eight planets in the solar system, and the largest of the terrestrial planets (non-gas planets) in the Solar System in terms of diameter, mass and density. It is also referred to...
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| x International Space Station |
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The International Space Station (ISS) is an internationally developed research facility currently being assembled in Low Earth Orbit. On-orbit construction of the station began in 1998 and is scheduled to be completed by 2011, with operations...
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| x Moon |
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The Moon is the earth's companion satellite, though some astronomers believe that it approaches being a planet in its own right. The Moon is large enough for its gravity to affect the Earth, stabilising its orbit and producing the regular ebb and...
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| x Mechanics |
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Mechanics (Greek Μηχανική) is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment. The discipline has its roots in several...
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| x Optics |
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Optics is the branch of physics which studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and...
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| x Planetary orbit |
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In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of one object around a point or another body, for example the gravitational orbit of a planet around a star.
Historically, the apparent motion of the planets were first understood in terms of...
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| x Sun |
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The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. The Sun, by itself accounts for about 99.86% of the Solar System's mass; the remainder consists of the planets (including Earth), asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and dust in orbit. About three...
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| x Venus |
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Venus is the second-closest planet to the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. The planet is named after Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty. After the Moon, it is the brightest natural object in the night sky, reaching an apparent...
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| x Mars |
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Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. It is also referred to as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish appearance, due to iron oxide prevalent on its surface.
Mars is a...
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| x Mercury |
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Mercury is the innermost and smallest planet in the Solar System, orbiting the Sun once every 87.969 days. The orbit of Mercury has the highest eccentricity of all the Solar System planets, and it has the smallest axial tilt. It completes three...
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| x Jupiter |
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Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass slightly less than one-thousandth that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all of the other planets in our Solar...
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| x Spin |
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In particle physics and quantum mechanics, spin is a fundamental characteristic property of elementary particles including the force carriers (bosons), composite particles (hadrons), and atomic nuclei.
All elementary particles of a given kind have...
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| x Hubble Space Telescope |
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The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was carried into orbit by the space shuttle in April 1990. It is named after the American astronomer Edwin Hubble. Although not the first space telescope, the Hubble is one of the largest...
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| x Geosynchronous orbit |
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A geosynchronous orbit is an orbit around a planet or moon with an orbital period that matches the planet or moon's sidereal rotation period. The term most frequently refers to objects that orbit the Earth, and this article reflects that. The...
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| x Geostationary orbit |
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A geostationary orbit (or Geostationary Earth Orbit - GEO) is a geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0° latitude), with a period equal to the Earth's rotational period and an orbital eccentricity of approximately zero. These...
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| x Synchronous orbit |
A synchronous orbit is an orbit in which an orbiting body (usually a satellite) has a period equal to the average rotational period of the body being orbited (usually a planet), and in the same direction of rotation as that body.
A satellite in a...
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| x Neptune |
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Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun in our Solar System. Named for the Roman god of the sea, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its...
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| x Pluto |
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Pluto, formal designation 134340 Pluto, is the second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System (after Eris) and the tenth-largest body observed directly orbiting the Sun. Classified as a planet from its 1930 discovery until 2006, Pluto is now...
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| x Saturn |
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Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter. Saturn, along with Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune, is classified as a gas giant. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the...
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| x Uranus |
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Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun, and the third-largest and fourth most massive planet in the Solar System. It is named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus (Ancient Greek: Οὐρανός) the father of Kronos (Saturn) and grandfather...
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| x Communications satellite |
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A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to SATCOM) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites use a variety of orbits including geostationary orbits, Molniya orbits...
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| x Spy satellite |
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A spy satellite (officially referred to as a reconnaissance satellite) is an Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications.
These are essentially space telescopes that are pointed toward...
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| x Ku |
The Ku band (pronounced "kay-yoo") is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies. This symbol refers to "K-under" (in the original German, "Kurz-unten", with the same meaning)—in other words, the band directly...
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| x Mir |
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Mir (Russian: Мир; lit. Peace or World) was a Soviet (and later Russian) space station. Mir was the world's first consistently inhabited long-term research station in space, and the first of the third generation type of space station, constructed...
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| x Orbital elements |
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Orbital elements are the parameters required to uniquely identify a specific orbit. In celestial mechanics these elements are generally considered in classical two-body systems, where a Kepler orbit is used (derived from Newton's laws of motion and...
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| x Orbital speed |
The orbital speed of a body, generally a planet, a natural satellite, an artificial satellite, or a multiple star, is the speed at which it orbits around the barycenter of a system, usually around a more massive body. It can be used to refer to...
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| x Weather satellite |
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A weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites can be either polar orbiting, seeing the same swath of the Earth every 12 hours, or geostationary, hovering over the same...
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| x Barycentric Coordinate Time |
Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB) is a coordinate time standard intended to be used as the independent variable of time for all calculations pertaining to orbits of planets, asteroids, comets, and interplanetary spacecraft in the Solar system. It is...
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| x Inclined orbit |
A satellite is said to occupy an inclined orbit around the Earth if the orbit exhibits an angle other than zero degrees with the equatorial plane. This angle is called the orbit's inclination. A planet is said to have an inclined orbit around the...
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| x Polar orbit |
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A polar orbit is an orbit in which a satellite passes above or nearly above both poles of the body (usually a planet such as the Earth, but possibly another body such as the Sun) being orbited on each revolution. It therefore has an inclination of ...
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| x Galactic Center |
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The Galactic Center is the rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy. It is located at a distance of 7.62±0.32 kpc (~25,000±1,000 ly) from the Earth in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, and Scorpius where the Milky Way...
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| x Landsat program |
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The Landsat program is the longest running enterprise for acquisition of imagery of Earth from space. The first Landsat satellite was launched in 1972; the most recent, Landsat 7, was launched on April 15, 1999. The instruments on the Landsat...
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| x Landsat 1 |
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Landsat 1, originally named "Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1", was the first satellite of the United States' Landsat program. It was a modified version of the Nimbus 4 meteorological satellite and was launched on July 23, 1972 by a Delta 900...
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| x Terra |
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Terra (EOS AM-1) is a multi-national NASA scientific research satellite in a sun-synchronous orbit around the Earth. It is the flagship of the Earth Observing System (EOS).
The name "Terra" comes from the Latin word for earth. The satellite was...
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| x ASTER |
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ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) is one of five remote sensory devices on board the Terra satellite launched into Earth orbit by NASA in 1999. The instrument has been collecting surficial data since February...
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| x MISR |
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Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer is a scientific instrument on the Terra satellite launched by NASA on December 18, 1999. The device is designed to measure the solar radiation reflected by the Earth system (planetary surface and atmosphere) in...
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| x MODIS |
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*Terra* MODIS
(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is a payload scientific
instrument launched into Earth orbit by NASA in 1999 on board the Terra
(EOS AM) Satellite.The instruments capture data in 36 spectral bands ranging in...
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| x Landsat 7 |
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Landsat 7, launched on April 15, 1999, is the latest satellite of the Landsat program. Landsat 7's primary goal is to refresh the global archive of satellite photos, providing up-to-date and cloud free images. Although the Landsat Program is managed...
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| x SPOT |
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SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) is a high-resolution, optical imaging Earth observation satellite system operating from space. It is run by Spot Image based in Toulouse, France. It was initiated by the CNES (Centre national d'études...
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| x Geocentric orbit |
A geocentric orbit involves any object orbiting the Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites. Currently there are approximately 2,465 artificial satellites orbiting the Earth and 6,216 pieces of space debris as tracked by the Goddard Space...
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| x Molniya orbit |
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A Molniya orbit is a type of highly elliptical orbit with an inclination of 63.4 degrees and an orbital period of about 12 hours. Molniya orbits are named after a series of Soviet/Russian Molniya (Russian: "Lightning") communications satellites...
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| x Meteosat |
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The Meteosat series of satellites are geostationary meteorological satellites operated by EUMETSAT under the Meteosat Transition Programme (MTP).
The program was established to ensure the operational continuity between the end of the successful...
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| x Barycentric coordinates |
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In mathematics, barycentric coordinates are coordinates defined by the vertices of a simplex (a triangle, tetrahedron, etc). Barycentric coordinates are a form of homogeneous coordinates.
Let x1, ..., xn be the vertices of a simplex in a vector...
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| x Aqua |
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Aqua (EOS PM-1) is a multi-national NASA scientific research satellite in orbit around the Earth, studying the precipitation, evaporation, and cycling of water. It is the second major component of the Earth Observing System (EOS) preceded by Terra ...
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| x Sun-synchronous orbit |
A sun-synchronous orbit (sometimes incorrectly called a heliosynchronous orbit) is a geocentric orbit which combines altitude and inclination in such a way that an object on that orbit ascends or descends over any given point of the Earth's surface...
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| x Heliosynchronous orbit |
This article is about a class of orbits about the sun. For a class of orbits around the earth, see sun-synchronous orbit.
By analogy with the geosynchronous orbit, a heliosynchronous orbit is a heliocentric orbit where the satellite's period of...
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| x Orbital node |
An orbital node is one of the two points where an orbit crosses a plane of reference which it is inclined to. An orbit which is contained in the plane of reference (called non-inclined) has no nodes. Common planes of reference include:
The line of...
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| x Ecliptic orbit |
A non-inclined orbit is an orbit which is contained in the plane of reference. It therefore has inclination equal to zero, if the orbit is retrograde. If the plane of reference is the equator, these orbits are called equatorial; if the plane of...
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| x Escape orbit |
An escape orbit (also known as C3 = 0 orbit) is a high-energy parabolic orbit around the central body. A body in this orbit has at each position the escape velocity with respect to this central body, for this position. If this energy were further...
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| x Capture orbit |
A capture orbit is a reverse escape orbit. It is a parabolic orbit with as special case a straight line in the direction of the center of the central body. If it intersects the central body or its atmosphere the object will crash into the central...
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| x Parabolic trajectory |
In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics a parabolic trajectory is a Kepler orbit with the eccentricity equal to 1. When moving away from the source it is called an escape orbit, otherwise a capture orbit.
Under standard assumptions a body traveling...
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| x Hyperbolic trajectory |
In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics a hyperbolic trajectory is a Kepler orbit with the eccentricity greater than 1. Under standard assumptions a body traveling along this trajectory will coast to infinity, arriving there with hyperbolic excess...
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| x Elliptic orbit |
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In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics an elliptic orbit is a Kepler orbit with the eccentricity greater than 0 and less than 1. In a gravitational two-body problem with the eccentricity in this range both bodies follow similar elliptic orbits with...
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| x Areostationary orbit |
An areostationary orbit (abbreviated ASO) is a circular areosynchronous orbit in the Martian equatorial plane about 17,000 km (10,600 miles) above the surface, any point on which revolves about Mars in the same direction and with the same period as...
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| x Areosynchronous orbit |
Areosynchronous orbits are class of synchronous orbits for artificial satellites around the planet Mars. As with all synchronous orbits, an areosynchronous orbit has an orbital period equal in length to Mars' sidereal day. A satellite in...
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| x Circular orbit |
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In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics a circular orbit is an elliptic orbit with the eccentricity equal to 0. It is an example of a rotation around a fixed axis: this axis is the line through the center of mass perpendicular to the plane of motion...
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| x Polar sun synchronous orbit |
A polar sun synchronous orbit is a nearly polar orbit. Every time it crosses the Equator, it does it at the same local time (e.g. dawn or dusk).
Sun synchronous polar orbits are often used for geographically specific monitoring, since they can...
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| x Graveyard orbit |
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Supersynchronous orbit is a type of orbit in which the satellite is further above the planet than if it were in synchronous orbit. An Earth satellite would move west at a constant speed if it were in supersynchronous orbit. Compare subsynchronous...
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| x IKONOS |
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IKONOS is a commercial earth observation satellite, and was the first to collect publicly available high-resolution imagery at 1- and 4-meter resolution. It offers multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) imagery. The IKONOS launch was called in...
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