A specific computer instance (Whirlwind), as opposed to a family (Apple Mac) or model (TRS-80)
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| x name | x image | x Installed | x Decommissioned | x Designers | x article | x Also known as |
| x Antikythera mechanism |
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100 B.C.E. |
The Antikythera mechanism ( /ˌæntɨkɨˈθɪərə/ ANT-i-ki-THEER-ə or /ˌæntɨˈkɪθərə/ ANT-i-KITH-ə-rə) is an ancient mechanical computer designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was recovered in 1900–1901 from the Antikythera wreck, but its...
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| x Water integrator | 1936 |
The Water Integrator was an early analog computer built in the Soviet Union in 1928. It functioned by careful manipulation of water through a room full of interconnected pipes and pumps. The water level in various chambers (with precision to...
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| x Z1 |
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1938 | Konrad Zuse |
The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched tape.
The Z1 was...
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| x Z2 | 1939 | Konrad Zuse |
The Z2 was a mechanical and relay computer created by Konrad Zuse in 1939. It was an improvement on the Z1, using the same mechanical memory but replacing the arithmetic and control logic with electrical relay circuits. Photographs and plans for the...
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| x Z3 |
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1941 | Konrad Zuse |
The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine. It was Turing-complete, and by modern standards the Z3 was one of the first machines that could be...
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| x Atanasoff-Berry Computer |
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1942 | John Vincent Atanasoff |
The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was the first electronic digital computing device. Conceived in 1937, the machine was not programmable, being designed only to solve systems of linear equations. It was successfully tested in 1942. However, its...
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| x Harvard Mark I |
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May 1944 |
The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called the Mark I by Harvard University, was an electro-mechanical computer.
The electromechanical ASCC was devised by Howard H. Aiken, built at IBM and shipped to Harvard in February 1944. It...
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| x Harvard Mark II |
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1947 | Howard Aiken |
The Harvard Mark II was an electromechanical computer built at Harvard University under the direction of Howard Aiken and was finished in 1947. It was financed by the United States Navy.
The Mark II was constructed with high-speed electromagnetic...
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| x ENIAC |
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Jul 29, 1947 | Oct 2, 1955 11:45pm |
ENIAC ( /ˈɛni.æk/; Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was a Turing-complete digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
ENIAC was...
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Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer | |
| x SSEC |
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Jan 1948 |
The IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) was an electromechanical computer built by IBM. Its design was started in late 1944, and it operated from January 1948 to 1952. It had many of the features of a stored-program computer and was...
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Poppa | ||
| x Small-Scale Experimental Machine |
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Jun 21, 1948 | Tom Kilburn |
The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first...
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Baby | |
| Geoff Tootill | SSEM | |||||
| Frederic Calland Williams | ||||||
| x Manchester Mark I | Apr 1949 |
The Manchester Mark 1 was one of the earliest stored-program computers, developed at the Victoria University of Manchester from the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) or "Baby" (operational in June 1948). It was also called the Manchester...
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MADM | |||
| Manchester Automatic Digital Machine | ||||||
| x EDSAC |
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May 6, 1949 | Maurice Vincent Wilkes |
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer. The machine, having been inspired by John von Neumann's seminal First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the...
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| x CSIRAC | Nov 1949 | 1964 | Maston Beard |
CSIRAC ( /ˈsaɪræk/; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Automatic Computer), originally known as CSIR Mk 1, was Australia's first digital computer, and the fourth stored program computer in the world. It was first to play digital music...
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CSIR Mk 1 | |
| Trevor Pearcey | ||||||
| x Harvard Mark III | Mar 1950 | Howard Aiken |
The Harvard Mark III, also known as ADEC (for Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculator) was an early computer that was partially electronic and partially electromechanical. It was built at Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Aiken for the...
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Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculato | ||
| ADEC | ||||||
| x SEAC | Apr 1950 |
SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) was a first-generation electronic computer, built in 1950 by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and was initially called the National Bureau of Standards Interim Computer, because it was a small...
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| x SWAC | Jul 1950 | Harry Huskey |
The SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer) was an early electronic digital computer built in 1950 by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Los Angeles, California. It was designed by Harry Huskey. Like the SEAC, built about the same...
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| x Z4 |
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Sep 1950 | Konrad Zuse |
The Z4 was the world's first commercial digital computer, designed by German engineer Konrad Zuse and built by his company Zuse Apparatebau between 1942 and 1945. The Z4 was Zuse's final target for the Z3 design, and like it, was an electo...
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| x EDVAC |
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1951 | 1961 | John Mauchly |
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal, and was a stored program computer.
ENIAC inventors John Mauchly and J. Presper...
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| J. Presper Eckert | ||||||
| x ORDVAC |
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1951 |
The ORDVAC or Ordnance Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, an early computer built by the University of Illinois for the Ballistics Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground, was based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann,...
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Ordnance Discrete Variable Automatic Computer | ||
| x Whirlwind |
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Apr 20, 1951 | 1973 | Jay Wright Forrester |
The Whirlwind computer was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is the first computer that operated in real time, used video displays for output, and the first that was not simply an electronic replacement of older mechanical...
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| Robert Everett | ||||||
| x ILLIAC I | 1952 |
The ILLIAC I (Illinois Automatic Computer), a pioneering computer built in 1952 by the University of Illinois, was the first computer built and owned entirely by a US educational institution, Manchester University UK having built Manchester Mark 1...
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Illinois Automatic Computer | |||
| x Harvard Mark IV | 1952 |
The Harvard Mark IV was an electronic stored-program computer built by Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Aiken for the United States Air Force. The computer was finished being built in 1952. It stayed at Harvard, where the Air Force...
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| x Wisconsin Integrally Synchronized Computer | 1954 | Gene Amdahl |
The Wisconsin Integrally Synchronized Computer (WISC) was an early digital computer designed and built at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Operational in 1954, it was the first digital computer in the state.
Pioneering computer designer Gene...
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| x NORC | Dec 1954 |
The IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) was a one-of-a-kind first-generation (vacuum tube) electronic computer built by IBM for the United States Navy's Bureau of Ordnance. It went into service in December 1954 and was likely the most...
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| x TX-0 | 1956 |
The TX-0, for Transistorized Experimental computer zero, but affectionately referred to as tixo (pronounced "tix oh"), was an early fully transistorized computer and contained a then-huge 64K of 18-bit words of magnetic core memory. The TX-0 was...
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| x MANIAC II | 1957 |
The MANIAC II (Mathematical Analyzer Numerical Integrator and Computer Model II) was a first-generation electronic computer, built in 1957 for use at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.
MANIAC II was built by the University of California and the Los...
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| x SAPO | 1957 | AntonÃn Svoboda |
The SAPO (short for Samočinný počítač) was the first Czechoslovak computer. It operated in the years 1957-1960 in Výzkumný ústav matematických strojů, part of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The computer was the first fault-tolerant computer -...
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| x AKAT-1 | 1959 | Jacek Karpiński |
The AKAT-1 was the world's first transistor differential analyzer, constructed by Karpiński at the Polish Academy of Science's Institute of Automatics in 1959. It was designed to solve systems of differential equations and modeling processes.
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| x MANIAC III | 1961 | Nicholas Metropolis |
The Maniac III (Mathematical Analyzer Numerical Integrator and Automatic Computer Model III) was a second-generation electronic computer (i.e., using solid state electronics rather than vacuum tubes), built in 1961 for use at the Institute for...
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| x Harvest |
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1962 | 1976 |
The IBM 7950, also known as Harvest, was a one-of-a-kind adjunct to the Stretch computer which was installed at the US National Security Agency (NSA). Built by IBM, it was delivered in 1962 and operated until 1976, when it was decommissioned....
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| x FROSTBURG |
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1991 | 1997 |
FROSTBURG was a Connection Machine 5 (CM-5) supercomputer used by the US National Security Agency (NSA) to perform higher-level mathematical calculations. The CM-5 was built by the Thinking Machines Corporation, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at...
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| x Analytical engine |
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The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical calculator. The...
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| x Colossus computer |
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Colossus was the world's first electronic, digital, programmable computer. Colossus and its successors were used by British codebreakers to help read encrypted German messages during World War II. They used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to...
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| x Deep Blue |
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1997 | Feng-hsiung Hsu |
Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. On May 11, 1997, the machine won the second six-game match against world champion Garry Kasparov by two wins to one with three draws . Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch,...
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| x BINAC | J. Presper Eckert |
BINAC, the Binary Automatic Computer, was an early electronic computer designed for Northrop Aircraft Company by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1949. Eckert and Mauchly, though they had started the design of EDVAC at the University of...
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| John Mauchly | ||||||
| x TX-2 |
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The MIT Lincoln Laboratory TX-2 computer was the successor to the Lincoln TX-0 and was known for its role in advancing both artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction.
The TX-2 was a transistor-based computer using the then-huge amount...
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| x Earth Simulator |
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The Earth Simulator (ES), developed by the Japanese government's initiative "Earth Simulator Project", was a highly parallel vector supercomputer system for running global climate models to evaluate the effects of global warming and problems in...
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| x UNIVAC I |
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The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC. Design work was begun by their company,...
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| x ASCI White |
ASCI White was a supercomputer at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in California.
It was a computer cluster based on IBM's commercial RS/6000 SP computer. 512 of these machines were connected together for ASCI White, with 16 processors per node and...
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| x BESK |
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BESK (Binär Elektronisk SekvensKalkylator, Swedish for "Binary Electronic Sequence Calculator") was Sweden's first electronic computer, using vacuum tubes instead of relays. It was developed by Matematikmaskinnämnden (Swedish Board for Computing...
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| x ILLIAC IV |
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The ILLIAC IV was one of the most infamous supercomputers ever built. One of a series of research machines, the ILLIACs from the University of Illinois, the ILLIAC IV design featured fairly high parallelism with up to 256 processors, used to allow...
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| x ILLIAC II |
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The ILLIAC II was a revolutionary super-computer built by the University of Illinois that became operational in 1962.
The concept, proposed in 1958, pioneered Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) circuitry, pipelining, and transistor memory with a design...
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| x ILLIAC III |
The ILLIAC III was a fine-grained SIMD pattern recognition computer built by the University of Illinois in 1966.
This ILLIAC's initial task was image processing of bubble chamber experiments used to detect nuclear particles. Later it was used on...
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| x System X |
System X (pronounced "System Ten") is a supercomputer assembled by Virginia Tech's Advanced Research Computing facility in the summer of 2003 that was originally composed of 1,100 Apple Power Mac G5 computers.
System X ran at 12.25 Teraflops, (20.24...
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| x ChipTest |
ChipTest was a 1985 chess playing computer built by Feng-hsiung Hsu, Thomas Anantharaman and Murray Campbell at Carnegie Mellon University. It is the predecessor of Deep Thought which in turn evolved into Deep Blue.
ChipTest was based on a special...
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| x HiTech |
HiTech was a chess machine built at Carnegie Mellon University under the direction of World Correspondence Chess Champion Dr. Hans J. Berliner, by Berliner, Carl Ebeling, Murray Campbell, and Gordon Goetsch.
HiTech won the 1985 and 1989 editions of...
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| x Pilot ACE |
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The Pilot ACE was one of the first computers built in the United Kingdom, at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the early 1950s.
It was a preliminary version of the full ACE, which had been designed by Alan Turing. After Turing left NPL (in...
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| x Bomba |
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The bomba, or bomba kryptologiczna (Polish for "bomb" or "cryptologic bomb") was a special-purpose machine designed about October 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski to break German Enigma-machine ciphers.
The German Enigma...
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| x EFF DES cracker |
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In cryptography, the EFF DES cracker (nicknamed "Deep Crack") is a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) in 1998 to perform a brute force search of DES cipher's key space — that is, to decrypt an encrypted message by trying every...
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| x Deep Thought |
Deep Thought was a computer designed to play chess. Deep Thought was initially developed at Carnegie Mellon University and later at IBM. It was second in the line of chess computers developed by Feng-hsiung Hsu, starting with ChipTest and...
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| x ACE |
The Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was an early electronic stored-program computer design produced by Alan Turing at the invitation of John R. Womersley, superintendent of the Mathematics Division of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). The use...
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| x ASCI Red |
ASCI Red (also known as ASCI Option Red or TFLOPS) was the first computer built under the Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI). ASCI Red was built by Intel and installed at Sandia in late 1996. The design was based on the Intel Paragon...
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| x ASCI Purple |
ASC Purple was a supercomputer installed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, CA. The computer was a collaboration between IBM Corporation and Lawrence Livermore Lab. Announced November 19th, 2002, it was installed in July...
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| x ASCI Blue Pacific |
ASCI Blue Pacific was a supercomputer installed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, CA at the end of 1998. It was a collaboration between IBM Corporation and Lawerence Livermore Lab.
It was an IBM RS6000 SP massively parallel...
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| x ASCI Blue Mountain |
ASCI Blue Mountain is a supercomputer that is installed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico. The computer was a collaboration between Silicon Graphics Corporation and Los Alamos National Laboratory. It was installed in...
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| x Columbia |
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Named in honor of the crew who died in the Columbia disaster, Columbia is a supercomputer built by Silicon Graphics for NASA. Its main purpose was to simulate the violent collision and merger of spiral galaxies that lead to the formation of...
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| x APEXC |
The APE(X)C, or All Purpose Electronic (X) Computer series was designed by Andrew Donald Booth at Birkbeck College, London in the early 1950s. His work on the APE(X)C series was sponsored by the British Rayon Research Association. Although the...
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| x CAP computer |
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The Cambridge CAP computer was the first successful experimental computer that demonstrated the use of security capabilities, both in hardware and software. It was developed at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory in the 1970s. As well as...
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| x Datasaab D2 |
D2 was a concept and prototype computer designed by Datasaab in Linköping, Sweden. It was built with discrete transistors and completed in 1960. Its purpose was to investigate the feasibility of building a computer for use in an aircraft to assist...
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